Integrated environmental assessment: an urban perspective

１　ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＵｒｂａｎａｒｅａｓｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｏｕｔｔｈｅｗｏｒｌｄａｒｅｉｎｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇｌｙａｆｏｃｕｓｏｆｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｃｏｎｃｅｒｎ．Ｔｈｅｙａｒｅｐｌａｃｅｓｏｆｉｎｔｅｎｓｅａｎｄｇｒｏｗｉｎｇｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃａｃｔｉｖｉｔｙ．Ｉｎｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｅ，ｕｒｂａｎｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎｓａｒｅｇｒｏｗｉｎｇｒａｐｉｄｌｙ．Ｉｔｉｓｅｓｔｉｍａｔｅｄｔｈａｔ，ｂｙ２０００，ｍｏｒｅｔｈａｎｈａｌｆｔｈｅｗｏｒｌｄ○ｓｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎｗｉｌｌｌｉｖｅｉｎｔｏｗ…     

Integrated assessment of urban environment in China

１　ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＩｎｔｅｇｒａｔｅｄｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌａｓｓｅｓｓｍｅｎｔ（ＩＥＡ）ｉｓａｆｕｎｄａｍｅｎｔａｌｍｅａｎｓｆｏｒｃｏｍｐｒｅｈｅｎｓｉｖｅｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔａｎｄｆｏｒｃｏｏｒｄｉｎａｔｉｎｇｔｈｅｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｈｉｐｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔａｎｄｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｐｒｏｔｅｃｔｉｏｎ．ＩＥＡａｉｍｓｔｏｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｙｔｈｅｍａｉｎｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓｉｎａｒｅｇｉｏｎ…     

公路建设项目声环境后评价方法研究及其应用

通过对公路建设项目声环境后评价的概念和目的的讨论，对声环境后评价的主要内容作了较系统的研究，提出了公路建设项目声环境后评价的方法，重点介绍了声环境后评价的监测与调查和验证分析的方法，并将其应用到深汕西高速公路的环境影响后评价之中。     

丙烯腈装置火灾爆炸危险指数评价

运用美国道化学公司的火灾、爆炸危险指数评价方法(第七版)，对丙烯腈装置的火灾爆炸危险性进行定量计算和评价，为装置的安全管理提供依据。     

关于建立生态建设示范区生态环境质量综合评价体系的初步思考

文章介绍了我国生态示范区的建设情况以及生态环境质量评价的概念、方法及应用,指出了现有生态示范区生态环境质量评价体系的不足,立足于土壤、水、气、生物等系统环境,提出了江苏省生态建设示范区生态环境质量综合评价指标体系的初步框架.     

环境影响评价中的公众参与现状及其改进建议

通过对30多份环境影响报告书的分析,针对我国目前的公众参与现状及存在的问题,提出改进建议。     

量化风险评估(QRA)在海上生产设施风险管理中的应用

本文结合在胜利海区实施的量化风险评估工作，对量化风险评估在海上风险管理中的应用作一个简单的介绍。     

钛白副产硫酸亚铁的综合利用研究

以钛白副产硫酸亚铁、氯化钾和氨水为原料，采用硫酸钾铵法制取硫酸钾。实验结果表明，该工艺生产的产品，其质量达到ZBG-21006-89国家标准，且此工艺流程简单、操作方便、条件易控制，无二次污染。     

Comparing aquatic risk assessment methods for the photosynthesis-inhibiting herbicides metribuzin and metamitron

Three different risk assessment procedures are described that aim to protect freshwater habitats from risks of the photosynthesis-inhibiting herbicides metribuzin and metamitron. These procedures are (1) the first-tier approach, based on standard toxicity tests and the application of an assessment factor, (2) the Species Sensitivity Distribution (SSD) approach, based on laboratory tests with a wider array of species and the application of a statistical model to calculate the HCx (the Hazardous Concentration for x% of the species), and (3) the model ecosystem approach, based on the evaluation of treatment-related effects in field enclosures. A comparison of the risk assessment procedures reveals that the first-tier approach is the most conservative for metamitron and metribuzin, and that HC5 values (and even HC10 values) based on acute EC50 values of algae and aquatic vascular plants may be used to derive maximum permissible concentrations for single applications. For both compounds these HC5 values were very similar to the ecological threshold concentrations in the enclosure studies. In contrast to model ecosystem experiments, however, HCx values based on lab toxicity tests do not provide information on the recovery potential of sensitive endpoints and on indirect effects, which may be important for regulatory decision-making. In the enclosure study, indirect effects of metribuzin on invertebrate populations were observed at an exposure concentration that was approximately 20 times lower than the corresponding HC5 value based on lab toxicity data for aquatic invertebrates.     

Haloacetic acids in the aquatic environment. Part II: ecological risk assessment

Haloacetic acids (HAAs) are environmental contaminants found in aquatic ecosystems throughout the world as a result of both anthropogenic and natural production. The ecological risk posed by these compounds to organisms in freshwater environments, with a specific focus on aquatic macrophytes, was characterized. The plants evaluated were Lemna gibba, Myriophyllum spicatum and M. sibiricum and the HAAs screened were monochloroacetic acid (MCA), dichloroacetic acid (DCA), trichloroacetic acid (TCA), trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and chlorodifluoroacetic acid (CDFA). Laboratory toxicity data formed the basis of the risk assessment, but field studies were also utilized. The estimated risk was calculated using hazard quotients (HQ), as well as effect measure distributions (EMD) in a modified probabilistic ecological risk assessment. EMDs were used to estimate HAA thresholds of toxicity for use in HQ assessments. This threshold was found to be a more sensitive measure of low toxicity than the no observed effect concentrations (NOEC) or the effective concentration (EC10). Using both deterministic and probabilistic methods, it was found that HAAs do not pose a significant risk to freshwater macrophytes at current environmental concentrations in Canada, Europe or Africa for both single compound and mixture exposures. Still, HAAs are generally found as mixtures and their potential interactions are not fully understood, rendering this phase of the assessment uncertain and justifying further effects characterization. TCA in some environments poses a slight risk to phytoplankton and future concentrations of TFA and CDFA are likely to increase due to their recalcitrant nature, warranting continued environmental surveillance of HAAs.