Chemical transport models

Background, aim, and scope  Improving the parameterization of processes in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) and surface layer, in air quality and chemical transport models. To do so, an asymmetrical, convective, non-local scheme, with varying upward mixing rates is combined with the non-local, turbulent, kinetic energy scheme for vertical diffusion (COM). For designing it, a function depending on the dimensionless height to the power four in the ABL is suggested, which is empirically derived. Also, we suggested a new method for calculating the in-canopy resistance for dry deposition over a vegetated surface. Materials and methods  The upward mixing rate forming the surface layer is parameterized using the sensible heat flux and the friction and convective velocities. Upward mixing rates varying with height are scaled with an amount of turbulent kinetic energy in layer, while the downward mixing rates are derived from mass conservation. The vertical eddy diffusivity is parameterized using the mean turbulent velocity scale that is obtained by the vertical integration within the ABL. In-canopy resistance is calculated by integration of inverse turbulent transfer coefficient inside the canopy from the effective ground roughness length to the canopy source height and, further, from its the canopy height. Results  This combination of schemes provides a less rapid mass transport out of surface layer into other layers, during convective and non-convective periods, than other local and non-local schemes parameterizing mixing processes in the ABL. The suggested method for calculating the in-canopy resistance for calculating the dry deposition over a vegetated surface differs remarkably from the commonly used one, particularly over forest vegetation. Discussion  In this paper, we studied the performance of a non-local, turbulent, kinetic energy scheme for vertical diffusion combined with a non-local, convective mixing scheme with varying upward mixing in the atmospheric boundary layer (COM) and its impact on the concentration of pollutants calculated with chemical and air-quality models. In addition, this scheme was also compared with a commonly used, local, eddy-diffusivity scheme. Simulated concentrations of NO₂ by the COM scheme and new parameterization of the in-canopy resistance are closer to the observations when compared to those obtained from using the local eddy-diffusivity scheme. Conclusions  Concentrations calculated with the COM scheme and new parameterization of in-canopy resistance, are in general higher and closer to the observations than those obtained by the local, eddy-diffusivity scheme (on the order of 15–22%). Recommendations and perspectives  To examine the performance of the scheme, simulated and measured concentrations of a pollutant (NO₂) were compared for the years 1999 and 2002. The comparison was made for the entire domain used in simulations performed by the chemical European Monitoring and Evaluation Program Unified model (version UNI-ACID, rv2.0) where schemes were incorporated.     

青海湖水化学的季节性和空间变化及其受自生碳酸盐沉淀的影响

青海湖湖水季节性和空间上的变化特征对青海湖沉积物中自生碳酸盐形成过程及环境意义的理解、湖泊的演变趋势具有重要的指导意义。本文通过沉积物捕获器采集了为期一年每月一次的青海湖季节性的湖水,并采集了青海湖和周围子湖空间分布上的湖水样品。对季节性样品阳离子的分析显示,青海湖湖水中的阳离子在旱季（12月至次年4月）达到最高值,在雨季逐渐降低。湖水的Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺从2—3月份逐步降低,表明自生碳酸盐开始沉淀,并且在雨季来临时沉淀持续大量发生,而在雨季后期,则可能发生含Mg碳酸盐的部分溶解。空间分布的样品分析显示,青海湖可能经历了太阳湖和月牙湖的水化学阶段,在未来的演变过程中,湖水的Ca²⁺和Sr²⁺受自生碳酸盐沉淀的控制而保持基本稳定,Mg²⁺、Na⁺、K⁺则将持续增加,其水化学将朝着当前海晏湾,并进一步朝尕海湖水的方向演变。本文的研究还进一步暗示了在长时间尺度上自生碳酸盐形成对气候变化的可能响应。     

新疆阿克苏平原区地下水水化学演化特征

地下水作为新疆平原区重要的饮用水水源。为了解新疆阿克苏平原区地下水化学演化过程，运用数理统计、Piper三线图、Gibbs图、离子比法、矿物稳定场图和反向水文地球化学模拟，对研究区2017年30组地下水取样点的检测结果进行分析。其结果表明：阿克苏平原区地下水中阳离子平均含量总体为Na⁺ > Ca²⁺ > Mg²⁺ > K⁺，阴离子平均含量总体为SO₄^2- > HCO₃^- > Cl^-；从山前倾斜平原到冲积平原地下水中各离子表现出累积作用；地下水各化学成分不仅来源于蒸发盐岩和碳酸盐岩的溶滤，钠长石、钙长石等硅酸盐岩对地下水中化学成分也存在一定影响，各矿物溶解强度表现为岩盐岩 > 蒸发盐岩 > 碳酸盐岩 > 硅酸盐岩；在反应路径中，含水介质岩土颗粒越细，反应路径越长，越有利于离子交换。     

华北工业城市降水中金属元素污染特征及来源

为了解华北工业地区降水中金属元素的污染特征及其来源,使用干湿沉降自动观测仪采集了河北唐山市2009年12月～2010年11月大气降水样品,使用ICP-MS对样品中25种金属元素的浓度进行了分析.结果表明,唐山降水中地壳元素(Ca、Mg、Na、K、Fe和Al)占所测元素浓度总量的97.72%,重金属(Zn、Mn、Pb、Ba、Sb、Cu、Ni、As、V、Co和Se)仅占2.25%;Zn和Ca分别是含量最高的重金属和地壳元素,加权平均浓度分别为88.7μg·L-1和4.5 mg·L-1.降水中金属元素浓度的季节变化十分明显,多数元素表现为冬春季高、夏秋季低的特征.唐山降水中部分重金属的浓度高于华北背景地区泰山顶的报道结果,其中Tl、As、Ag、Zn、Pb、Cd、Se和Sb的富集因子介于102～105之间,明显受到人类活动的影响.因子分析表明唐山降水中金属元素的污染主要与钢铁冶炼工业、扬尘和燃煤的源排放有关.     

大气中氯氟烃类物质浓度变化的研究

通过低温脱水和低温浓缩,建立了用气相色谱测定大气中超痕量氯氟烃类物质的分析。方法,对上海市清洁大气中ＣＦＣｓ本底浓度进行了监测,并与日本东京大学的数据进行了比较。     

现代生物技术在环境检测中的应用

介绍了6种应用于环境检测的现代生物技术类型和技术原理．主要包括生物酶技术，金标免疫速测技术，PCR技术，生物发光检测技术，生物芯片技术和生物传感器。综述了国内外相关研究的进展．分析及探讨了这些技术的优点和存在的不足。现代生物技术应用于环境检测具有简单，快速，灵敏，原位，高通量的特点。有着诱人的应用前景。对环境保护具有深远的意义。     

西双版纳城、郊雾水化学组成分析

利用 1997年 11月西双版纳城、郊雾的外场试验观测资料 ,从该地区雾水化学组成与其他地区雾水化学组成的比较、雾水化学组成与环境的关系、雾水化学组成的来源、雾水化学成分的浓度与雾的微物理结构的关系等几个方面分析了该地区雾的化学特征 .结果表明 ,西双版纳城郊雾水明显呈碱性 ,F-浓度比我国其他地区高很多 ;由于生态环境的不同 ,西双版纳城郊雾的化学成分浓度有很大差异 ;与历史资料比较 ,西双版纳城区雾水总离子浓度明显增加 ;雾水的化学组成与当地的气溶胶、土壤的化学组成密切相关 ;雾水总离子浓度与雾滴粒径有关 .     

泰山降水化学及大气传输的研究

为了解泰山降水的化学组成特征及其来源,于2004年7月至12月间在泰山上采集了23场降水样品,进行了pH值、电导率的测定、主要水溶性阴阳离子的分析以及每场降水的后推气流轨迹分析.结果表明,降水pH的雨量加权均值为4.74,电导率的雨量加权均值为2.26mS·m-1,泰山降水已受到酸性污染;降水中浓度较高的阳离子是NH4 和Ca2 ,雨量加权均值浓度分别为50.62和29.04μeq·L-1,浓度较高的阴离子是SO42-和NO3-,雨量加权均值浓度分别为70.32和23.44μeq·L-1;SO42-/NO3-、NH4 /Ca2 当量浓度比的平均值依次为3.41、2.13.对降水的化学组成作了相关性分析,发现NH4 、Ca2 、SO42-、NO3-浓度之间具有很好的相关性;通过气流轨迹分析发现酸性最强的降水气团来自于我国的南部地区或沿途经过华东地区,离子浓度最高的降水气团来自于我国的北部地区或欧洲大陆,来自东亚地区的降水气团的离子浓度最低.     

Chemical characterisation of particulate matter in urban transport modes

Traffic is a main source of air pollutants in urban areas and consequently daily peak exposures tend to occur during commuting. Personal exposure to particulate matter (PM) was monitored while cycling and travelling by bus, car and metro along an assigned route in Lisbon (Portugal), focusing on PM2.5 and PM10 (PM with aerodynamic diameter <2.5 and 10 µm, respectively) mass concentrations and their chemical composition. In vehicles, the indoor-outdoor interplay was also evaluated. The PM2.5 mean concentrations were 28?±?5, 31?±?9, 34?±?9 and 38?±?21?µg/m³ for bus, bicycle, car and metro modes, respectively. Black carbon concentrations when travelling by car were 1.4 to 2.0 times higher than in the other transport modes due to the closer proximity to exhaust emissions. There are marked differences in PM chemical composition depending on transport mode. In particular, Fe was the most abundant component of metro PM, derived from abrasion of rail-wheel-brake interfaces. Enhanced concentrations of Zn and Cu in cars and buses were related with brake and tyre wear particles, which can penetrate into the vehicles. In the motorised transport modes, Fe, Zn, Cu, Ni and K were correlated, evidencing their common traffic-related source. On average, the highest inhaled dose of PM2.5 was observed while cycling (55 µg), and the lowest in car travels (17 µg). Cyclists inhaled higher doses of PM2.5 due to both higher inhalation rates and longer journey times, with a clear enrichment in mineral elements. The presented results evidence the importance of considering the transport mode in exposure assessment studies.