气体检测器及其在环境污染事故应急监测中的应用

介绍了常用挥发性有机污染物（ＶＯＣ）检测器的特性，并阐述了光离子化检测器（ＰＩＤ）的原理，特点及其在环境污染事故应急监测中的应用。     

High background radiation investigated by gamma spectrometry of the soil in the southwestern region of Cameroon

The aim of this work is to determine the radioactivity concentration of ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K in sub-surface (0-5 cm) soil samples collected from Awanda, Bikoué, Ngombas in the southwestern region of Cameroon, to assess their contribution to the external dose exposure relative to the United Nation Scientific Committee on Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) data. An HPGe p-type detector coupled to a multichannel analyzer was used to perform measurements and data processing. The activity concentrations of ²²⁶Ra varied from 0.06 ± 0.01 to 0.27 ± 0.02 kBq kg⁻¹ with a mean value of 0.13 ± 0.01 kBq kg⁻¹ wet weight. The activity concentrations of ²³²Th varied from 0.10 ± 0.01 to 0.70 ± 0.05 kBq kg⁻¹ with a mean value of 0.39 ± 0.03 kBq kg⁻¹ wet weight, and ⁴⁰K concentrations varied from 0.37 ± 0.02 to 1.53 ± 0.11 kBq kg⁻¹ with a mean value of 0.85 ± 0.07 kBq kg⁻¹ wet weight, respectively. The mean value of outdoor annual effective doses were estimated to be 0.48 mSv y⁻¹, 0.39 mSv y⁻¹ and 0.38 mSv y⁻¹ from Ngombas, Awanda and Bikoué, respectively. The studied areas can be said to have a high background radiation level.     

Rn concentration in public secondary schools in Galicia (Spain)

In the framework of a ²²²Rn screening campaign that was carried out in 58 public secondary schools in Galicia (NW Spain), the largest radon-prone area in the Iberian Peninsula, a positive correlation between indoor ²²²Rn concentration and outdoor gamma exposure rate was obtained. A new approach to the data acquisition in screening surveys was tested, improving the performances of this type of study and gathering useful data for future remedial actions. Using short-period detectors (charcoal canisters) firstly, in order to detect places showing ²²²Rn concentrations over 400 Bq m⁻³, the number of locations to be measured with long-period detectors (etched track detectors) is reduced. In this screening campaign, 34% of the schools surveyed presented at least one site exceeding the 400 Bq m⁻³ recommended action level established by the EU, and 15% had at least one site with ²²²Rn values over 800 Bq m⁻³. The maximum value recorded was 2084 ± 63 Bq m⁻³. These results are discussed and compared with data obtained in schools of several countries with similar geology. Seven schools were also studied for seasonal variations of ²²²Rn activity concentration. The results were not conclusive, and no significant correlation between season and ²²²Rn concentration was established. Finally, a continuous ²²²Rn concentration monitor was placed in the secondary school exhibiting a mean value of the ²²²Rn concentration very close to 400 Bq m⁻³. Maximum ²²²Rn concentration values were found to occur at times when the school was unoccupied.     

Monte Carlo based calibration of scintillation detectors for laboratory and in situ gamma ray measurements

The calibration of scintillation detectors for gamma radiation in a well characterized setup can be transferred to other geometries using Monte Carlo simulations to account for the differences between the calibration and the other geometry. In this study a calibration facility was used that is constructed from bricks of well-known activity concentrations of ⁴⁰K and of radionuclides from the ²³⁸U- and ²³²Th-series. Transfer of the calibration was attempted to a Marinelli beaker geometry with the detector inside a lead shield and to an in situ application with the detector positioned on a sand bed. In general this resulted in good correspondence (within 5-10%) between the activity concentrations derived using the transferred calibration and activities that were derived by independent measurements. Some discrepancies were identified that were attributed to coincident summing in the natural decay series and interference of radon.     

红外林火探测仪高速数字图像接口的设计

由于红外林火探测仪的视频输出采用高速的LVDS接口;不能直接与DSP处理器直接连接,这里介绍了一种在视频输出的LVDS接口与DSP处理器之间利用FPGA接口实现高速数字图信号的缓冲的方法。     

Investigation of hit-and-run crash occurrence and severity using real-time loop detector data and hierarchical Bayesian binary logit model with random effects

Objective: Most of the extensive research dedicated to identifying the influential factors of hit-and-run (HR) crashes has utilized typical maximum likelihood estimation binary logit models, and none have employed real-time traffic data. To fill this gap, this study focused on investigating factors contributing to HR crashes, as well as the severity levels of HR.

Methods: This study analyzed 4-year crash and real-time loop detector data by employing hierarchical Bayesian models with random effects within a sequential logit structure. In addition to evaluation of the impact of random effects on model fitness and complexity, the prediction capability of the models was examined. Stepwise incremental sensitivity and specificity were calculated and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were utilized to graphically illustrate the predictive performance of the model.

Results: Among the real-time flow variables, the average occupancy and speed from the upstream detector were observed to be positively correlated with HR crash possibility. The average upstream speed and speed difference between upstream and downstream speeds were correlated with the occurrence of severe HR crashes. In addition to real-time factors, other variables found influential for HR and severe HR crashes were length of segment, adverse weather conditions, dark lighting conditions with malfunctioning street lights, driving under the influence of alcohol, width of inner shoulder, and nighttime.

Conclusions: This study suggests the potential traffic conditions of HR and severe HR occurrence, which refer to relatively congested upstream traffic conditions with high upstream speed and significant speed deviations on long segments. The above findings suggest that traffic enforcement should be directed toward mitigating risky driving under the aforementioned traffic conditions. Moreover, enforcement agencies may employ alcohol checkpoints to counter driving under the influence (DUI) at night. With regard to engineering improvements, wider inner shoulders may be constructed to potentially reduce HR cases and street lights should be installed and maintained in working condition to make roads less prone to such crashes.     

聚集用火下热探测器响应温度的研究

为得出聚集用火下建筑物天花板平面热探测器响应温度的计算公式,采用PyroSim 2015软件进行建模,在模型天花板平面内设置一系列的热电偶代替热探测器监测温度变化,在热释放速率（HRR）分别为1,5,10,20,30 kW和天花板高度分别为3,5,7 m的条件下进行15次数值模拟,对模拟结果数据分析、处理及拟合。研究表明:羽流中心线处温度远高于其他位置;羽流中心线处响应温度随着天花板高度的升高而降低,且与HRR存在显著的二次函数关系;其他位置处响应温度随着天花板高度的升高而降低,随着到羽流中心线距离的增大而降低,且与HRR和到羽流中心线的距离存在显著的二次函数关系。结合室内全年最高温度及补偿温度,建立出聚集用火下热探测器响应温度的计算公式。     

Natural radioactivity levels in topsoil from the Pearl River Delta Zone, Guangdong, China

Concentrations of the natural radionuclides ²³⁸U, ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K have been measured by γ-ray spectrometry in 796 topsoil samples from the Pearl River Delta Zone (PRDZ) of Guangdong, China. The mean concentrations for ²³⁸U, ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K were found to be 140 ± 37 Bq kg⁻¹, 134 ± 41 Bq kg⁻¹, 187 ± 80 Bq kg⁻¹ and 680 ± 203 Bq kg⁻¹ dry mass, respectively. These values were all higher than the mean values in soil for China and the world. Outdoor air-absorbed dose rates, calculated from activity concentrations of ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K, ranged from 86 to 237 nGy h⁻¹, with a mean value of 165 ± 46 nGy h⁻¹. The corresponding annual outdoor effective dose rate per person was estimated to be between 0.11 and 0.29 mSv y⁻¹, with a mean value of 0.20 ± 0.06 mSv y⁻¹, which was also higher than the world mean value of 0.07 mSv y⁻¹. The radium equivalent activity (Ra_eq) and the external hazard index (I_r) resulted from the natural radionuclides in soil, were also calculated and found to vary from 230 to 676 Bq kg⁻¹ and from 0.6 to 1.8, respectively. The Ra_eq and the I_r in all the investigated regions were up to 75% higher than the set limits of 370 Bq kg⁻¹ and 1.0, respectively.     

Mapping of cosmic radiation dose in Croatia

The Earth is continually bombarded by high-energy particles coming from the outer space and the sun. These particles, termed cosmic radiation, interact with nuclei of atmospheric constituents and decrease in intensity with depth in the atmosphere. Measurements of photon and gamma radiation, performed with a Radiameter at 1 m above the ground, indicated dose rates of 50-100 nSv/h.The neutron dose rate was measured with the CR-39 track etch detector calibrated by the CERN-EU high-energy Reference Field (CERF) facility. Correlation between neutron dose rates and altitudes at 36 sites was examined in order to obtain a significant positive correlation coefficient; the resulting linear regression enabled estimation of a neutron dose at particular altitude. The measured neutron dose rate in Osijek (altitude of 89 m, latitude of 45.31° N) was 110 nSv/h.     

都柳江上游沿岸喀斯特地区土壤重金属污染及健康风险分析

以贵州省都柳江上游沿岸喀斯特地区为研究对象,根据空间系统法布设样点,共采集62个表层土壤样品.运用单因子污染指数法、内梅罗综合污染指数法、人体健康风险评价模型、克里金插值方法和地理探测器模型,研究土壤重金属Sb、As、Cd、Pb和Cu的污染及人体健康风险空间分布特征.结果表明,研究区土壤Sb和Cd含量分别是贵州省土壤重金属背景值的6.58和1.95倍.土壤重金属总体属于轻度污染,土壤Sb和As的轻度及以上污染面积分别占总面积的24.62%和20.97%,Cd轻度污染面积分布最广,占总面积的44.55%.研究区土壤重金属人体健康风险为低风险等级,儿童健康风险大于成人,Cd和Sb是人体健康风险的主要影响元素.由地理探测器分析可知,所有因子中地层对土壤中Sb和Cd人体健康风险空间分异的解释力最大,其余因子对土壤Cd的人体健康风险空间分异解释力大小依次为：土壤类型>海拔>距河流远近>土地利用类型>坡度;而其余单一因子对土壤中Sb人体健康风险空间分异的解释力均较低,其空间分异可能受到多重因子的复合影响.地层与Cd对成人和儿童的致癌健康风险呈显著正相关（p<0.05）...