利用MODIS遥感数据反演广州市气溶胶光学厚度

利用中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)数据和NASA的V5.2气溶胶业务反演算法,对广州市进行了高空间分辨率气溶胶光学厚度的反演,并应用地面太阳光度计(CE-318)观测的气溶胶光学厚度进行验证.结果表明,利用MODIS L1B数据进行高分辨率气溶胶光学厚度反演,结果精度较高.利用反演结果分析2008~2009年冬季广州市的气溶胶光学厚度时空变化特征,2008年12月的气溶胶光学厚度较低,平均大约为0.65,随后气溶胶光学厚度逐渐增大,到2009年2月,气溶胶光学厚度平均大约为1.35.广州市气溶胶光学厚度空间差异显著,在0.1~1之间变化,呈东北低西南高的空间分布特征.即森林覆盖率比较高的地区气溶胶较低.     

大气环流模式CAM4对亚洲气候的高分辨率模拟

中小尺度地形不仅在区域尺度上影响降水和环流形势分布,还会影响季风、西风急流等大尺度的天气系统。新的全球模式分辨率得到明显提高,本研究通过对比分析CAM4高分辨率配置下的模拟结果与高分辨率APHRO降水和ERA-Interim再分析资料,评估高分辨率CAM4对亚洲地区气候系统的模拟性能。结果表明,该模式不仅对亚洲季风-干旱气候系统的大尺度分布特征有良好的模拟能力,还能很好地模拟出季风区和内陆干旱半干旱区年均和季节平均降水的高、低值中心以及水平风场、地表温度和海平面气压的区域差异性特征,尤其是山脉地形附近的降水极值和风场变化。此外,CAM4与气象资料间在不同空间尺度上的空间相关性均很好,其中地表温度的相关系数在0.9以上,降水在亚洲地区超过0.7。     

典型大气污染源动态排放清单编制方法及应用研究

随着环境空气质量精细化管理要求的提高,在应对重污染天气过程中,对大气污染源排放清单的时间分辨率提出了更高的要求。文章从固定源、移动源、油气储运源等方面探讨了大气污染源动态排放清单编制技术方法,并选取某城市进行了应用计算。结果表明,通过获取动态更新的数据,移动源的船舶、机动车、飞机可以逐时分析污染物排放量变化;固定源和油气储运源可以逐日分析。同时与相关指南算法进行定量比较,探讨了精细化改进方法及可能存在的问题,为建立更精细化动态排放清单提供有益参考。     

Application of game theory for a groundwater conflict in Mexico

Exploitation of scarce water resources, particularly in areas of high demand, inevitably produces conflict among disparate stakeholders, each of whom may have their own set of priorities. In order to arrive at a socially acceptable compromise, the decision-makers should seek an optimal trade-off between conflicting objectives that reflect the priorities of the various stakeholders. In this study, game theory was applied to a multiobjective conflict problem for the Alto Rio Lerma Irrigation District, located in the state of Guanajuato in Mexico, where economic benefits from agricultural production should be balanced with associated negative environmental impacts. The short period of rainfall in this area, combined with high groundwater withdrawals from irrigation wells, has produced severe aquifer overdraft. In addition, current agricultural practices of applying high loads of fertilizers and pesticides have contaminated regions of the aquifer. The net economic benefit to this agricultural region in the short-term lies with increasing crop yields, which requires large pumping extractions for irrigation as well as high chemical loading. In the longer term, this can produce economic loss due to higher pumping costs (i.e., higher lift requirements), or even loss of the aquifer as a viable source of water. Negative environmental impacts include continued diminishment of groundwater quality, and declining groundwater levels in the basin, which can damage surface water systems that support environmental habitats. The two primary stakeholders or players, the farmers in the irrigation district and the community at large, must find an optimal balance between positive economic benefits and negative environmental impacts. In this paper, game theory was applied to find the optimal solution between the two conflicting objectives among 12 alternative groundwater extraction scenarios. Different attributes were used to quantify the benefits and costs of the two objectives, and, following generation of the Pareto frontier or trade-off curve, four conflict resolution methods were then applied.     

Research and application of comprehensive electromagnetic detection technique in spontaneous combustion area of coalfields

Perplexed by severe disasters, spontaneous combustion areas of coalfields in China not only lose a large number of precious coal resources but damage the ecological environment badly. The premise of effective control against the disasters is investigations on the source position and scope of spontaneous combustion areas at coalfields so as to provide scientific basis for fire extinguishment design and construction of coalfields. Working principles, construction methods and detection effects of high resolution earth resistivity method, transient electromagnetic method (small loop-center probe device) applied in the detection of combustion areas at coalfields have been introduced. The application shows that the above mentioned methods can detect the accurate position of underground combustion areas, are effective ones in detecting the combustion center, combusted area and distribution scope of combustion areas at coalfields, and have broad application prospects.     

基于不同分辨率DEM的地形因子比较分析

地形因子的提取对水土流失、土地利用、土地资源评价、城市规划等方面的研究起着重要作用.目前地形因子的提取主要是基于DEM来完成的,而DEM的分辨率不同,所提取的地形因子的结果也不同.以化龙山为例,选择4种不同网格分辨率和地面坡度、坡向、平面曲率、剖面曲率4个地形因子作为分析因子,运用叠合比较和统计分析方法,研究地形因子随这4种分辨率DEM的变化规律.结果表明,DEM的分辨率越大,对地形的概括作用越明显,地形越趋近于平坦化.该研究是对前人研究的继续深化,通过对多因素的分析,旨在得到更加普遍的规律,为其他不同地貌的地形研究提供可借鉴的模式.     

一种大批量测定沉积物微量间隙水样品中溶解态磷和铁含量的方法

利用384微孔板微量比色分析方法,建立了一种大批量分析微量溶液样品中溶解态反应磷(DRP)和溶解态铁(Ⅱ)含量的方法,确定了方法的最佳参数和条件.利用Epoch微孔板分光光度计,对溶液中磷和铁分别采用磷钼蓝和邻菲啰啉比色法进行分析,所需溶液样品体积(稀释后)为20~50μL,磷和铁的检出限分别为0.006 mg·L-1和0.010 mg·L-1,精密度控制在5%以内.在此基础上,采用高分辨间隙水扩散平衡装置(HR-Peeper,垂向分辨率2 mm)获取了太湖沉积物间隙水样品,利用本方法同步分析了微量间隙水样品中DRP和溶解态铁(Ⅱ)的含量,发现两者含量同步升高的现象.     

Multiattribute Utility Analysis as a Framework for Public Participation in Siting a Hazardous Waste Management Facility

This paper describes a public participation exercise in which stakeholders used an approach based on multiattribute utility analysis to select a site for a hazardous waste management facility. The key to success was the ability to separate and address two types of judgments inherent in environmental decisions—technical judgments regarding the likely consequences of alternative choices and value judgments regarding the importance or seriousness of those consequences. The approach enabled technical specialists to communicate the essential technical considerations and allowed stakeholders to establish the value judgments for the decision. Although rarely used in public participation, the multiattribute utility approach appears to provide a useful framework for the collaborative resolution of complex environmental decision problems.     

Desire to Bargain and Negotiation Success: Lessons About the Need to Negotiate from Six Hydropower Disputes

/ We investigated the notion that successful negotiations require that all parties to the dispute must have a desire to bargain. This desire is most likely to be present when the dispute exhibits ripeness and each party believes a bargained solution is the most cost-effective way to resolve differences. Structured interviews of participants in six Federal Energy Regulatory Commission hydropower licensing consultations were conducted to determine the level of need to negotiate for each party. The findings indicate that a need to negotiate is a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for success. Several factors were associated with a need to negotiate: a weak BATNA (best alternative to a negotiated agreement); a salient issue; participants' sense of efficacy; a sense of inevitability; professional roles encouraging negotiation; and disputes about facts as opposed to disputes about values. Participants' need to negotiate fluctuated throughout the process and intensified when questions were ripe: i.e., critical issues were debated or the regulatory process required action.KEY WORDS: Alternative dispute resolution; Federal licenses; Federal Energy Regulatory Commission; Instream flow; Environmental planning     

上海大气总悬浮颗粒物中金属的可溶性特征

大气颗粒物中金属的可溶性对于评估金属的生物可利用性和环境迁移性具有重要意义.采集上海大气总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)样品,利用高分辨率电感耦合等离子体质谱,测定经微循环淋溶提取的金属水、酸(p H=2)可溶含量,并计算水、酸溶解度.结果表明,大气TSP中金属的溶出是一个快速过程,仅需几分钟就达到溶解度最大值.Co、Cr和Cd的可溶含量较低,V、Ni、Cu处于中间,Fe、Al、Zn、Mn和Mg较高.结合大气后向轨迹分析,金属可溶含量受到气团来源的显著影响.多种金属的水、酸溶解度差异性较大,Fe水溶解度最小仅为2.0%,其次为Al、Cr、V、Pb、Co、Ni、Cu、Cd、Mn、Mg和Zn.金属溶解度随溶剂p H值的减小而增大.元素本身性质是影响金属溶解度的内在原因,且金属的离子势与水溶解度呈一定的负相关性.