Desire to Bargain and Negotiation Success: Lessons About the Need to Negotiate from Six Hydropower Disputes

/ We investigated the notion that successful negotiations require that all parties to the dispute must have a desire to bargain. This desire is most likely to be present when the dispute exhibits ripeness and each party believes a bargained solution is the most cost-effective way to resolve differences. Structured interviews of participants in six Federal Energy Regulatory Commission hydropower licensing consultations were conducted to determine the level of need to negotiate for each party. The findings indicate that a need to negotiate is a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for success. Several factors were associated with a need to negotiate: a weak BATNA (best alternative to a negotiated agreement); a salient issue; participants' sense of efficacy; a sense of inevitability; professional roles encouraging negotiation; and disputes about facts as opposed to disputes about values. Participants' need to negotiate fluctuated throughout the process and intensified when questions were ripe: i.e., critical issues were debated or the regulatory process required action.KEY WORDS: Alternative dispute resolution; Federal licenses; Federal Energy Regulatory Commission; Instream flow; Environmental planning     

上海大气总悬浮颗粒物中金属的可溶性特征

大气颗粒物中金属的可溶性对于评估金属的生物可利用性和环境迁移性具有重要意义.采集上海大气总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)样品,利用高分辨率电感耦合等离子体质谱,测定经微循环淋溶提取的金属水、酸(p H=2)可溶含量,并计算水、酸溶解度.结果表明,大气TSP中金属的溶出是一个快速过程,仅需几分钟就达到溶解度最大值.Co、Cr和Cd的可溶含量较低,V、Ni、Cu处于中间,Fe、Al、Zn、Mn和Mg较高.结合大气后向轨迹分析,金属可溶含量受到气团来源的显著影响.多种金属的水、酸溶解度差异性较大,Fe水溶解度最小仅为2.0%,其次为Al、Cr、V、Pb、Co、Ni、Cu、Cd、Mn、Mg和Zn.金属溶解度随溶剂p H值的减小而增大.元素本身性质是影响金属溶解度的内在原因,且金属的离子势与水溶解度呈一定的负相关性.     

一种大批量测定沉积物微量间隙水样品中溶解态磷和铁含量的方法

利用384微孔板微量比色分析方法,建立了一种大批量分析微量溶液样品中溶解态反应磷(DRP)和溶解态铁(Ⅱ)含量的方法,确定了方法的最佳参数和条件.利用Epoch微孔板分光光度计,对溶液中磷和铁分别采用磷钼蓝和邻菲啰啉比色法进行分析,所需溶液样品体积(稀释后)为20~50μL,磷和铁的检出限分别为0.006 mg·L-1和0.010 mg·L-1,精密度控制在5%以内.在此基础上,采用高分辨间隙水扩散平衡装置(HR-Peeper,垂向分辨率2 mm)获取了太湖沉积物间隙水样品,利用本方法同步分析了微量间隙水样品中DRP和溶解态铁(Ⅱ)的含量,发现两者含量同步升高的现象.     

台南温泉井流量异常与南黄海地震关系初析

江苏省东台市台南温泉井１３年来共有三个时段的流量有较大幅度的异常都对应了南黄海一平方度内发生的４次４６～６３级地震。本文对该井的地质构造条件、观测方法、震前异常特征、干扰因素的排除、映震效能、异常机理、流量异常与地震三要素的关系等作了介绍和讨论。     

波谱分辨率与Chandler摆动的双频现象

地极移动中Chandler摆动有时出现的双频现象，一直为许多学者所关注。分析了IERS新近公布的经统一归算的极移数据，结合频谱分析中分辨率的有关问题，进一步讨论了Chandler摆动的双频现象。分析认为，文中采用的极移资料序列的采样间隔及序列长度已满足分辨Chandler摆动双频的要求。所得结果支持Chandler摆动存在双频的观点，同时给出了该极坐标序列存在的约0．3a至50a间的一些周期的参数。     

Socio-environmental conflicts on hydropower: The São Luiz do Tapajós project in Brazil

Economic expansion and related resource and infrastructure needs provoke an increase of socio-environmental conflicts worldwide, and methodologies for their comprehensive analysis and understanding are necessary. The present paper suggests a methodology for the analysis of socio-environmental conflicts on hydropower, developed from a case study on the São Luiz do Tapajós project in Brazil. On the basis of qualitative semi-structured interviews, a stakeholder definition and conflict analysis were carried out. The analysis shows that at least five different sub-conflicts, each one with its own characteristics, can be distinguished, and that negotiation on many of these conflicts is difficult. Confrontation processes are therefore likely to occur. The current strategy of conflict treatment falls short of the situation; instead solutions must be sought looking at the underlying conflict causes. A restructuring of the energy policy and the approach to traditional populations is a necessary precondition if robust and comprehensive solutions on the current socio-environmental conflicts on hydropower in the Amazon were to be found.     

Instrument tuning for trace analysis of dioxins and furans for the vg 70s/se gas chromatography/mass spectrometry system using electron impact mode

We present the salient characteristics of tuning procedures that have evolved from our 3 years of experience while producing large amounts of data of the highest quality. Our laboratory routinely analyzes 2,3,7,8‐substituted dioxins and furans at parts per quadrillion levels in 50–100 g of human serum samples using the VG 70S/SE stand‐alone gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) system at 10000 resolution (defined by 5% overlap) in the selected ion recording mode. Trace measurement of dioxins and furans in human biological matrices—for example, whole blood, serum, or adipose tissue‐requires reproducible instrument tuning within day as well as among days for quality results. Additionally, instument‐tuning procedures among operators must be reproducible to minimize operator bias because periodically different operators are used. Instrument tuning is highly subjective and argumentive; therefore, to minimize the ambiguity within our laboratory, we have standardized our technique to reproducibly tune the GC/MS system.     

Narratives,Rhetorical Genres,and Environmental Conflict: Responses to Schwarze's “Environmental Melodrama”

The appearance of Steven Schwarze's essay, “Environmental Melodrama” (Schwarze, 2006) as the lead article in a recent issue of The Quarterly Journal of Speech marks an important moment of recognition for environmental communication scholarship. Schwarze's essay demonstrates how studies of environmental rhetoric can contribute to rhetorical theory more generally, while addressing practical questions regarding the rhetorical aspects of environmental conflict. The contributors to this forum respond to Schwarze's arguments, drawing in part upon their own case studies of rhetorical action and narrative in environmental conflict.     

Research and application of comprehensive electromagnetic detection technique in spontaneous combustion area of coalfields

Perplexed by severe disasters, spontaneous combustion areas of coalfields in China not only lose a large number of precious coal resources but damage the ecological environment badly. The premise of effective control against the disasters is investigations on the source position and scope of spontaneous combustion areas at coalfields so as to provide scientific basis for fire extinguishment design and construction of coalfields. Working principles, construction methods and detection effects of high resolution earth resistivity method, transient electromagnetic method (small loop-center probe device) applied in the detection of combustion areas at coalfields have been introduced. The application shows that the above mentioned methods can detect the accurate position of underground combustion areas, are effective ones in detecting the combustion center, combusted area and distribution scope of combustion areas at coalfields, and have broad application prospects.