The Structuration of Public Participation: Organizing Environmental Control

A growing body of participation literature muses over why current mechanisms of public participation persist when they so often fail; calls for expanding the conceptual boundaries of participation beyond institutional mechanisms, and highlights the role communication, and allied concepts such as discourse and rhetoric, play in participatory processes. Given these diverse calls, environmental public participation can benefit from building a mid-level theoretical terrain. In this essay, I draw upon the sociological tradition of Anthony Giddens’ structuration theory and parallel systems thinking which foreground a structure-action mode of analysis. Through this lens I articulate the basic premises of a structuration model for environmental public participation, pointing especially to issues of agency, which involves ontological security and ontological competence, social systems, and various elements within duality of structure, with an eye toward communication-centered research. This theoretical space further indicates the possibilities of connecting the material realm of action/practice with the symbolic domain of environmental self.     

高分辨质谱在环境科学领域应用综述

探究复杂环境介质中有机污染物分析检测新方法,建立复杂环境介质中可疑和非目标化合物的快速筛选及确证方案,已成为环境科学领域的研究热点。高分辨质谱仪（HR-MS）具有质量范围宽、扫描速度快、灵敏度高等优点,使其在环境科学领域得到广泛应用。综述了混合高分辨率质谱（Q-TOF/Q Orbitrap）等HR MS技术的特点和工作原理,基于目标化合物分析、可疑化合物分析以及非目标化合物分析这3类研究策略,阐述了HR-MS在环境研究、药品监管及生物代谢物研究等领域的应用现状,进而分析了现阶段HR MS在环境科学领域中的应用局限性和发展前景。     

基于随机森林模型的辽河高时间分辨率氮、磷浓度模拟与预测

随着环境信息获取技术的飞速发展,水质监测数据逐渐呈现出高时间分辨率的特点.针对传统方法在模拟高频检测数据时的不足,本文基于随机森林建立了河流氮、磷逐日浓度预测模型,识别了影响辽河干流马虎山断面氮、磷浓度变化的主要因素,并预测了未来不同情景下氮、磷浓度变化特征.结果表明：①马虎山断面氮、磷浓度变化的主要影响因素是上游珠尔山断面的来水水质和本断面的流量;②随机森林模型在高时间分辨率的水质指标模拟中具有误差低和拟合优度高的特点,其中,TN浓度预测模型的RMSE为0.40 mg·L^-1,R²为0.95,TP浓度预测模型的RMSE为0.01 mg·L^-1,R²为0.96;③在不同水文、污染控制和来水水质的变化情景下,未来马虎山断面氮、磷浓度变化主要取决于上游 来水水质,加强全流域营养盐控制是确保断面水质稳定达标的重要基础.     

铜山矿区周边农田土壤重金属来源解析及污染评价

为探明铜山矿区周边农田土壤重金属主要来源及污染程度,采集并测定了361个表层土壤（0～20 cm）样品重金属Ag、 Cu、 Pb、 Zn、 Mo、 Sb、 Ba、 As和Hg.利用PMF模型和IDW插值相结合的方法对研究区土壤重金属进行来源解析及空间分布特征分析.在传统物元可拓模型的基础上,引入Hakanson毒性响应系数修正权重系数对重金属污染水平进行评价,并将评价结果与Muller指数(I_geo)和Nemerow综合指数（P_N）进行对比.结果显示：（1）ω（Ag）、ω（Cu）、ω（Pb）、ω（Zn）、ω（Mo）、ω（Sb）、ω（Ba）、ω（As）和ω（Hg）均值分别为0.05、 19.32、 23.34、 62.89、 0.97、 0.87、 542.56、 8.88和0.07 mg·kg^-1,其中Zn和Hg均高出河南省土壤背景值,但低于农用地土壤污染风险管制值,研究区土壤9种重金属在空间上主要呈现岛状和片状分布.（2）修正权重系数的物元可拓模型评价结果显示,研究区仅有6.37%的表层土壤为清洁土壤,89.75%为尚...     

遥感数据时间分辨率对土地覆盖变化监测的影响

由于土地覆盖通常存在年际变化和季节变化,区分人为活动引起的变化与这种自然变化需要两期数据时间一致。论文利用黑龙江省1975、1990、2000、和2005代表年Landsat数据,分析了数据时间差在16 d MODIS-NDVI时间序列的误差。研究发现,Landsat数据4个代表年的年际差分别为1975±4 a,1990±4.5 a,2000±1.5 a,2005±1.5 a,季节差为47 d。Landsat季节差对MODIS-NDVI的影响是:当季节差为16~48 d时,东北地区耕地与草地以生长高峰期为参照的MODIS-NDVI变化最高可达0.4以上,林地MODIS-NDVI变化0.1~0.2;当时间差<16 d时,如果仍以生长高峰期为绝对参照,东北大部分地区误差<0.1,只有少数耕地误差0.1~0.2。如果以两个时间为相对参照,则<16 d的误差也可能导致较大的MODIS-NDVI误差,其大小有明显的季节性。在生长高峰期7月12日至8月28日,8 d±8 d的时间差导致的NDVI差大于0.1的像元仅2.93%,是变化检测最佳时期;但在除此之外的6月10日至9月29日间,8 d±8 d时间差导致NDVI差大于0.1的像元比例超过11.42%,选择Landsat必须避开这一敏感期。结论:利用高时间分辨率MODIS-NDVI可在3个方面提高Landsat变化检测效果:①辅助选择最佳时间;②当无法选择最佳时间时,评估时间差可能引起的误差和方向;③直接使用生物物理参数作为变化检测的指标之一。     

Effects of connectivity and spatial resolution of analyses on conservation prioritization across large extents

The outcome of analyses that prioritize locations for conservation on the basis of distributions of species, land cover, or other elements is influenced by the spatial resolution of data used in the analyses. We explored the influence of data resolution on prioritization of Finnish forests with Zonation, a software program that ranks the priority of cells in a landscape for conservation. We used data on the distribution of different forest types that were aggregated to nine different resolutions ranging from 0.1 × 0.1 km to 25.6 × 25.6 km. We analyzed data at each resolution with two variants of Zonation that had different criteria for prioritization, with and without accounting for connectivity and with and without adjustment for the effect on the analysis of edges between areas at the project boundary and adjacent areas for which data do not exist. Spatial overlap of the 10% of cells ranked most highly when data were analyzed at different resolutions varied approximately from 15% to 60% and was greatest among analyses with similar resolutions. Inclusion of connectivity or edge adjustment changed the location of areas that were prioritized for conservation. Even though different locations received high priority for conservation in analyses with and without accounting for connectivity, accounting for connectivity did not reduce the representation of different forest types. Inclusion of connectivity influenced most the outcome of fine-resolution analyses because the connectivity extents that we based on dispersal distances of typical forest species were small. When we kept the area set aside for conservation constant, representation of the forest types increased as resolution increased. We do not think it is necessary to avoid use of high-resolution data in spatial conservation prioritization. Our results show that large extent, fine-resolution analyses are computationally feasible, and we suggest they can give more flexibility to implementation of well-connected reserve networks.     

中国铝元素物质流投入产出模型构建与分析

在构建全国铝物质流投入产出模型的基础上,对2001年,2004年,2005年和2007年全国铝损失的来源进行了解析. 结果表明:2001—2004年生产加工部门和消费部门来源于国内开采的铝损失所占比例分别从54.8%和47.6%升至64.4%和53.1%,全国铝损失率从32.5%增至42.4%;2004—2005年来源于国内开采的铝损失增幅迅速降至4.9%,2005—2007年保持在8.8%. 来源于国内开采的铝损失占铝损失总量的比例最大,2001年,2004年和2007年所占比例分别达到了34.1%,44.8%和36.3%,提示依然需要提高国内铝开采的利用效率和加工技术水平以减少铝损失总量. 2001年,2004年,2005年和2007年来源于国外进口的铝损失量占铝进口总量的比例分别为30.9%,39.1%,35.8%和33.3%,损失率变化不大,未来应增加再生铝的使用比例以降低铝的损失率.      

Imposed and inherent scales in cellular automata models of habitat

Both observational and modelling studies of the natural environment are characterised by their ‘grain’ and ‘extent’, the smallest and largest scales represented in time and space. These are imposed scales that should be chosen to ensure that the natural scales of the system are captured in the study. A simple cellular automata model of habitat represents only the presence or absence of vegetation, with global and local interactions described by four empirical parameters. Such a model can be formulated as a nonlinear Markov equation for the habitat probability. The equation produces inherent space and time scales that may be considered as transition scales or the scales for recovery from disturbance. However, if the resolution of the model is changed, the empirical parameters must be changed to preserve the properties of the system. Further, changes in the spatial resolution lead to different interpretations of the spatial structure. In particular, as the resolution is reduced, the apparent dominance of one habitat type over the other increases. The model provides an ability to compare both field and model investigations conducted at different resolutions in time and space.     

Criteria for equitable allocations: the heart of international water conflict

At the heart of most international water conflicts is the question of 'equitable' allocations, criteria for which are vague and often contradictory. However, application of an equitable water-sharing agreement along the volatile waterways of the globe is a prerequisite to hydropolitical stability. This article explores the question of equity measures for water-sharing agreements in the context of global hydropolitics and is divided into three parts. The Introduction provides a brief summary of the general principles of equitable allocations. The second part of the paper describes the practice of water resources allocations as exemplified in the Transboundary Freshwater Dispute Database - a computerized database of 149 treaties relating to international water resources compiled at Oregon State University; 49 of these treaties delineate specific water allocations. The third and fourth parts of the article contrast the principles and practice of water equity. It is noticeable how rarely the general principles are explicitly invoked, particularly the extreme principles of absolute sovereignty or absolute riverain integrity. Most treaties favor existing uses, and/or guarantees to downstream riparians. It is interesting that, while many international water negotiations begin with differing legal interpretations of rights, they often shift to a needs-based criteria for water allocations. Mostly, one is struck by the creativity of the negotiators in addressing specific language to each very specific local setting and concerns.     

Retention time profiling of all 136 tetra- through octa- chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans on a variety of Si-Arylene gas chromatographic stationary phases

The applicability of three different Silphenylene Silicone co-polymer (Si-Arylene) GC stationary phases (J&W Scientific DB-5ms, Varian VF-5ms, and VF-Xms) has been evaluated for the separation of all 136 tetra- through the octa- chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) and chlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF) from closely eluting isomers using gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry (GC/HRMS). Their relative performance data are compared to the “conventional” 5% diphenyl 95% dimethylpolysiloxane GC column (Supelco Equity-5) and to each other based on absolute retention times, visualized mass chromatograms, and the separation of 2,3,7,8-substituted isomers. VF-Xms GC column was able to demonstrate a better performance towards separation of 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD/PCDF compared to other Si-Arylene GC columns tested, where only 2,3,4,7,8-PnCDF can not be resolved from 1,2,3,6,9-PnCDF and 2,3,4,6,7,8-/1,2,3,6,8,9-HxCDF and 1,2,3,7,8,9-/1,2,3,4,8,9-HxCDF can be at least partially resolved. These data suggest that the development of a single GC column for the separation of all 17 2,3,7,8-substituted dioxins and furans is feasible, which therefore could be used as a standard tool for the PCDD/PCDF methods globally including USEPA methods 1613b, 8290A, 8280B, European Standard Method EN 1948, Canadian methods DFPCB-E3418, EPS 1/RM/19, Japanese methods JIS K0311 and JIS K0312. Having one specific GC column to separate all 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD/PCDF will significantly improve the data quality, comparability by the various methods and assessment techniques while simultaneously leading to a more cost and time efficient operation.