Organic matter and concentrated nitrogen removal by shortcut nitrification and denitrification from mature municipal landfill leachate

An UASB＋Anoxic/Oxic （A/O） system was introduced to treat a mature landfill leachate with low carbon-to-nitrogen ratio and high ammonia concentration. To make the best use of the biodegradable COD in the leaehate, the denitrifieation of NOx^--N in the reeireulation effluent from the elarifier was carried out in the UASB. The results showed that most biodegradable organic matters were removed by the denitrifieation in the UASB. The NH4^＋-N loading rate （ALR） of A/O reactor and operational temperature was 0.28- 0.60 kg NH4^＋-N/（m^3-d） and 17-29℃ during experimental period, respectively. The short-cut nitrification with nitrite accumulation efficiency of 90%-99% was stabilized during the whole experiment. The NH4^＋-N removal efficiency varied between 90% and 100%. When ALR was less than 0.45 kg NH4^＋-N/（m^3.d）, the NH4^＋-N removal efficiency was more than 98%. With the influent NH4^＋-N of 1200-1800 mg/L, the effluent NH4^＋-N was less than 15 mg/L. The shortcut nitrification and denitrifieation can save 40% carbon source, with a highly efficient denitrifieation taking place in the UASB. When the ratio of the feed COD to feed NH4^＋-N was only 2-3, the total inorganic nitrogen （TIN） removal efficiency attained 67%-80%. Besides, the sludge samples from A/O reactor were analyzed using FISH. The FISH analysis revealed that ammonia oxidation bacteria （AOB） accounted for 4% of the total eubaeterial population, whereas nitrite oxidation bacteria （NOB） accounted only for 0.2% of the total eubaeterial population.     

深圳宝安区土地利用变化的环境影响研究

采用深圳宝安区1996-2004年的土地利用数据及其逐日降雨量资料，应用Costanza关于生态系统服务价值方面的研究成果，对该区域土地利用变化导致的生态服务价值进行了计算；应用SCS模型对该区主要污染物氨氮（NH4-N）、总磷（TP）以及高锰酸盐指数（CODMn）的面源污染负荷的变化进行了定量分析。结果表明：1996～2004年期间，土地利用变化导致区域总体生态服务功能下降了31．36%；氨氮和CODMn的面源污染负荷分别增加了4．12%、5．73%，总磷的面源污染负荷减少了1．64％。进一步对三种土地利用规划供选方案（2004-2020年）的环境影响进行了分析。在不同规划方案下，到2020年，宝安区总体生态服务功能将比2004年下降3．79％、10．97％和30．76％。但其下降速度都将得到明显遏止；氨氮、总磷和CODMn的面源污染负荷也将有较明显的增加，且皆以规划方案1增加最小,方案2居中，方案3增加最大。     

Statistical comparison and correlation of zinc and lead in estuarine sediments along the western coast of Mauritius

Cr, Zn and Pb were quantified using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) from urban and rural estuarine sediments collected along the western coast of Mauritius during the period July 2002-January 2003. The mean concentration of Cr (225.4 mg kg(-1)), Zn (107.0 mg kg(-1)) and Pb (27.0 mg kg(-1)) in sediments along the six estuaries can be considered below those from contaminated estuarine sediments. Zn and Pb were significantly higher in urban sediments downstream St. Louis River compared to a rural estuary at Tamarin at 5% significance level. Zn was also significantly lower in Tamarin compared to Petite Riviere Noire estuary. Cr was however not significantly different in sediments from the six estuaries and could be considered of basaltic origin and were correlated to neither lead nor zinc. The concentration of Zn and Pb were greatest in the more urbanised upper and lower reaches of the St. Louis estuary during the period of study and were also significantly positively correlated in the estuarine sediments indicating that the cycling of Pb and Zn were linked indicating a common source for Pb and Zn. The potential sources of Pb and Zn in the urban estuarine sediments were considered to arise from road runoff causing significant quantities to be trapped. At present, compared to contaminant levels found in the UK and elsewhere, Mauritius still looks relatively uncontaminated but there is growing concern about heavy metal contamination in urban estuaries. There is therefore a need for long-term studies in estuarine management to involve integrated strategies in which water-sediment interactions in estuaries need to be considered and international standards for sediment quality developed. Such studies undertaken in the future would further the understanding of the biogeochemical processes of estuarine systems in Mauritius which could then be used in environmental development schemes and effective coastal zone management.     

基于AHP和DEA模型的农业生态效率评价——以无锡市为例

农业面源污染已成为我国重要环境污染源之一,但由于农业面源污染具有分散、面广、周期长、随机性等特点,在评价上存在较大难度。根据生态效率理论,结合农业生产的特点,建立了综合考虑经济效益和环境影响的农业生态效率评价指标体系,并以江苏省无锡市为例,选取该市1998~2008年农业生产和面源污染相关数据,运用偏好锥的数据包络分析模型（DEA）对其农业生态效率进行了评价分析。结果显示：1998~2008年,无锡市农业生态效率呈现先下降后上升的趋势,近三年累计上升幅度达22%。表明近年来无锡市农业面源污染治理成效显著,农业可持续发展水平显著提高。提出的农业生态效率评价体系和方法为进一步推进农业面源污染治理工作提供了依据     

淮南市可吸入颗粒物研究的若干建议

由于可吸入颗粒物严重影响大气环境质量和人体健康,对其研究愈来愈受到重视.我国北京、南京、重庆等城市对可吸入颗粒物均做过系统的研究,而目前在淮南市仍是空白.总结近年来可吸入颗粒物方面的研究成果,对淮南市在此方面的研究提出若干建议,供研究者参考.     

新疆主要城市集中式饮用水源地水质评价

2007年新疆环保系统的调查和评价结果表明,新疆16个主要城市的31个现役集中式饮用水源地总供水量为4.47×10^8m^3,担负着供应420万常住城市人口的生活饮用水、部分工业用水和城市生态用水的责任;城市饮用水源地总体水质良好,水质达标比例为83.9%,不同地区、不同水源类型间存在差异;由于受原生土壤地质条件和人类活动的影响,目前有5个集中式饮用水源地超过国家规定的水质标准,而且部分饮用水源地中有机污染物有多项检出;受水源保护区划工作滞后、监管力度不够等因素影响,部分城市饮用水源地存在一定的环境安全隐患。     

以化学抑制法研究污水生物处理过程中N2O的释放源

采用化学抑制法,研究了不同曝气量下污水生物处理过程中N2O的释放源.结果表明,缺氧段中, N2O的主要释放源为硝酸盐异化成氨反应,而反硝化反应消耗N2O.好氧段中N2O释放源受曝气量的影响很大,当曝气量适中时(65L/h), N2O释放源主要为硝化细菌反硝化作用;而当曝气量偏高(105L/h)或偏低(25L/h)时,同步硝化-反硝化反应是主要的N2O释放源.同时硝化细菌反硝化反应也能够产生少量N2O.     

生产源区人血中多溴联苯醚水平与甲状腺激素相关性研究

采用气相色谱/负化学电离源-质谱法对莱州湾南岸地区十溴联苯醚生产源区36位居民血清中的5种多溴联苯醚浓度进行了检测,同时测定了样品中的甲状腺激素水平.血清中Σ5PBDEs（BDE-28、-47、-153、-183、-209）的质量浓度范围（以脂重计算,下同）为130.3～4 478.4 ng.g-1,平均值为529.9 ng.g-1.5种同族体中,BDE-209对Σ5PBDEs的平均贡献率达到了69.8%.在与甲状腺激素水平的相关性研究中,计算了两者的Spearman秩相关系数,结果显示BDE-28、-47、-153、-183与TSH水平呈高度负相关,BDE-183与fT4水平呈现显著性负相关,而BDE-28、-47与T3,BDE-28、-153、-183与fT3之间均呈现显著性正相关.本研究中,生产源区人体血清中PBDEs水平处于较高的暴露水平,主要同类物为BDE-209,人体对PBDEs的暴露会影响上述4种甲状腺激素的水平,PBDEs对人体的影响不容忽视,有关PBDEs暴露水平与甲状腺激素水平之间的相关性,应进一步深入研究.     

广西近岸海水和沉积物中有机氯农药的分布及生态风险

通过对广西近岸水体和沉积物中2类有机氯农药(OCPs,包括HCHs和DDTs)的大面调查,评估了广西近岸海域OCPs的分布特征、污染状况和生态风险。结果显示:广西近岸海域的海水中所有站位都未检出HCHs和DDTs,所有站位的沉积物中也未检出HCHs,43个沉积物站位中DDTs的检出率为11.6%,沉积物中DDTs含量范围为nd~3.7 ng/g。研究表明:广西近岸水体及沉积物中OCPs的污染水平很低,沉积物中DDTs具有较为明显的空间分布规律,呈现出渔港附近含量高,以及TOC (有机碳)含量较高的河口附近含量高的特征。船舶防污漆可能是造成渔港附近DDTs含量较高的主要原因,部分河口站位主要受河流输入污染物影响,DDTs主要来源于历史残留,沉积物中TOC含量是影响DDTs残留分布的重要因素,DDTs易与悬浮物中的有机质通过吸附络合结合而沉积。生态风险评价结果显示:广西近岸海水的HCHs和DDTs生态风险极低,沉积物的HCHs生态风险也极低,沉积物中DDTs的潜在生态风险总体很低。     

氢氧化钠吸收液-离子色谱法测固定污染源废气中的氯气

建立了氢氧化钠吸收液-离子色谱测定固定污染源废气中氯气的方法。研究采样和分析条件,采用50 mL冲击式吸收瓶,以氢氧化钠为吸收液,利用硫代硫酸钠将样品中的次氯酸完全转化为氯离子,过滤后用离子色谱进行分析。可在采样时选择0.3 μm石英滤膜消除颗粒物干扰,在氢氧化钠吸收液前串联硫酸吸收液消除氯化氢干扰。测试结果显示:氯离子曲线线性关系良好,相关系数为0.999 0;方法检出限为0.02 mg/m³,测定下限为0.08 mg/m³;空白加标的相对标准偏差为0.82%~1.4%,加标回收率为98.0%~107%;实际样品基体加标的相对标准偏差为1.8%~2.7%,加标回收率为98.0%~104%。测试结果表明该方法具有较高的精密度和正确度。