"APELL计划"及其在长江南京段溢油事故应急处置中的应用

长江南京段的溢油事故具有形式多样、爆发突然、危害性大、处理处置艰巨、影响长期等特点,根据"APELL计划"宗旨及其在世界和我国实施的效果,借鉴国内外溢油事故应急处置经验,建立了长江南京段溢油事故的应急处置计划,为有效预防事故发生、减轻事故危害和损失提供指导和借鉴.     

基于星空地协同技术的长江扬州段沿岸生态空间状况调查与评价

长江扬州段是南水北调东线的源头水域,也是江淮生态大走廊的核心区,生态区域敏感性和重要性尤为突出。通过高分辨率卫星遥感筛查-无人机遥感详查-地面人工核查的星空地协同技术对长江扬州段沿岸自然岸线保有率、土地利用状况以及周边环境风险源进行全面调查。结果表明:(1)长江扬州段自然岸线保有率为46.20%,岸线范围内建设用地占比达33.35%,开发强度较高;(2)沿岸有码头114座,入江排口104个,部分排口存在水色异常等环境问题;(3)沿江生态保护红线区域内存在加油船溢油现象和驳船违规堆放固体废弃物等环境安全隐患。     

河流水质监测控制断面设置探讨

对河流水质监测控制断面设置的基本理论和方法进行了探讨。根据河流的控制断面应设在排放口的下游 ,污染物与河水能较充分混合处的原则 ,提出了河流水质监测控制断面的计算公式 :x =0 313uB2 /Ey ,以及其他有关河流水质监测断面设置中应注意的问题     

贵州省主要地质灾害危险度区划研究

结合贵州省地理环境和地质灾害特征,选择地形地貌、工程地质岩组、断裂构造作用、河流切割程度、年均降雨量及历史地质灾害分布密度等6个一级区划指标和24个二级区划指标,采用黄金分割法确定各指标的权重;应用综合分析的因子叠加法,按4级危险度分区标准,对贵州省主要地质灾害危险度进行区划。区划结果包括:极高危险区约3.22×104km2;高危险区约0.85×104km2;中危险区约2.99×104km2;低危险区约10.56×104km2。采用离散多态系统可靠度的矩阵分析法,认为贵州主要地质灾害发生的危险性主要处在中危险区。     

充电式交流磁粉探伤仪的应用研究

本研究把锂电池的直流电转换为交流方波电来驱动磁探仪工作,这样得到一种全新的充电式磁粉探伤仪,它不需要外部接电、电磁转换效率高、可以连续工作、输出为交流磁场或交叉磁场、灵敏度高、安全可靠.它解决了现有磁粉探伤仪需要搭接长长的电缆、存在漏电危险、发热严重、不能连续工作等缺点.本研究将给磁粉探伤领域带来革命性的发展,并促进新...     

基于STAMP模型的建筑事故致因因素定量分析方法研究

为揭示建筑安全事故致因因素间的相互关系从而对其进行有效预防和控制,探讨1种STAMP模型的定量分析方法,用于深入剖析事故致因因素间的逻辑关系和属性特征。基于STAMP系统事故理论模型,从建筑工程安全控制结构入手逐层定性分析事故的致因因素;引入灰色DEMATEL与ISM相结合的方法对系统事故间的复杂逻辑关系进行层级划分;运用MICMAC分析计算各致因因素的驱动力和依赖度数值并判断其属性类别。结果表明:提出的定量分析方法运用到江西丰城冷却塔坍塌事故中的分析结果与事故调查报告相契合,能较全面地说明各层次结构间的相互作用。     

大断面高铁隧道掘进爆破振动传播规律研究*

为研究隧道爆破掘进振动规律并合理控制爆破振动危害,对京张高铁大断面南口隧道爆破掘进过程进行实时监测,并对监测结果进行线性回归分析,求得3个监测方向的场地系数K和衰减系数α值以及爆破振动峰值速度衰减回归方程,通过FFT法计算出主振频率和爆破振动波的振动频率范围,利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA对爆破工程进行数值模拟。结果表明:喷锚支护和监测方向对爆破振动衰减回归分析影响较大;主振频率和爆破振动波的振动频率分布范围为50~300 Hz,无需考虑周边建筑共振情况,与周边古建筑和临近隧道的最小安全距离分别为147 m和12 m;数值模拟与实际结果对比发现二者振动峰值略有差别但整体趋势基本相同,证明建立模型的有效性。     

Cross‐sectoral and participatory approaches to combating desertification: The Iranian experience

Anti‐desertification planning in Iran operates at the national level through the Five Year Development Plans, the National Plan to Combat Desertification — a long‐running scheme for which the Forest, Rangeland and Watershed Management Organisation (FRWO) is responsible — and the recently developed National Action Programme to Combat Desertification (the NAP). The Iranian NAP was formulated following the country's ratification of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification and drew heavily on the experience, expertise and collaboration of personnel in FRWO. Development and implementation of the NAP has had major policy impacts in Iran in the two main areas of generating cross‐sectoral cooperation between government instruments at the national planning level and by community participation in local projects to combat desertification. Documenting the evolution of cross‐sectoral and participatory approaches to desertification in Iran shows that the NAP provided impetus towards a transformation of previous procedures, a policy impact that is continuing to generate change.     

Injury outcomes and costs for cross-median and median barrier crashes

Introduction

The objective of this research was to quantify the injury outcomes and develop reliable and comprehensive injury costs for cross-median crashes (CMC) and median barrier crashes (MBC).

Method

A three-step methodology was developed to quantify the crash costs for each crash severity and type. All CMC and MBC between 2001 and 2007 in Wisconsin were identified and used in this analysis. The Wisconsin CODES database provided comprehensive injury costs based on the injury types and severities suffered by participants in study crashes.

Results

As expected, multi-vehicle CMC result in more total injuries and more severe injuries than single-vehicle CMC. Injury costs for the same injury level on KABCO scale are different for different crash types. Injury costs for concrete MBC are 33% to 50% less than those of multi-vehicle CMC, while the injury costs of concrete MBC for lower severities (B and C) are similar to those of single-vehicle CMC for the same severities; but for incapacitating injuries the costs are 30% less. As expected, concrete MBC result in lower severities than CMC. The costs, by crash severity, vary significantly between different crash types. Concrete median barrier injury crashes are roughly 20% of multi-vehicle CMC costs and 50% of single-vehicle CMC costs.

Conclusions

Results indicate that using one set of crash costs for all crash types biases any evaluation. Therefore, it is recommended that crash-type-specific costs be used in applications such as development of median barrier warrant where specific types of crashes are considered (CMC and MBC).

Impact on industry

Using crash specific costs can lead to a more realistic benefit-cost analysis and enable better decision-making.     

镉对食蚊鱼(Gambusia affinis)的急性毒性效应

以食蚊鱼(Gambusia affinis)为受试生物,采用半静水式急性毒性试验和亚急性毒性试验,分别测定Cd2+对食蚊鱼的半致死质量浓度(LC50)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、谷胱甘肽转硫酶(GST)活性及组织结构变化,检测镉对食蚊鱼的毒性作用,以探讨Cd2+在水环境中的毒性及食蚊鱼在环境科学研究中的应用.结果表明,Cd2+对食蚊鱼96 h的LC50为22.55 mg/L,属于高毒物质.相同Cd2+暴露质量浓度下,随暴露时间延长,SOD和CAT活性总体表现为先升高后降低的趋势,GST活性则总体表现为先升高后降低、且趋于稳定的趋势.Cd2+暴露后食蚊鱼肝和鳃组织会出现不同程度损伤.研究表明,Cd2+对食蚊鱼属于高毒物质,验证了食蚊鱼对化学品Cd2+的敏感性.