COMPUTATIONAL IMPROVEMENT FOR STOCHASTIC DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING MODELS OF URBAN WATER SUPPLY RESERVOIRS1

ABSTRACT: This paper describes two methods that are introduced to improve the computational effort of stochastic dynamic programming (SDP) as applicable to the operation of multiple urban water supply reservoir systems. The stochastic nature of streamflow is incorporated explicitly by considering it in the form of a multivariate probability distribution. The computationally efficient Gaussian Legendre quadrature method is employed to compute the conditional probabilities of streamflow, which accounts for the serial correlation of streamflow into each storage and the cross correlation between the streamflow into various storages. A realistic assumption of cross correlation of streamflow is introduced to eliminate the need to consider the streamflow combinations which are unlikely to occur in the SDP formulation. A “corridor” approach is devised to eliminate the need to consider the infeasible and/or inferior storage volume combinations in the preceding stage in computing the objective function in the recursive relation. These methods are verified in terms of computational efficiency and accuracy by using a hypothetical example of three interconnected urban water supply reservoirs. Therefore, it can be concluded that these methods allow SDP to be more attractive for deriving optimal operating rules for multiple urban water supply reservoir systems.     

印染废水改良治理技术在工程中的应用

工程实例技术分析表明，由传统技术改良的“半推活性污泥技术”及“总程平衡技术”，具有经济、有效和工程性能好的特点。     

浅议新疆环境污染治理的经济机制

阐述了环境污染产生的经济原团，说明了“外部不经济性”是产生环境问题的重要经济根源，指出新疆现行的环境污染治理中所采用经济手段的不足，提出了进一步完善环境保护经济机制的措施建议。     

不同措施对毛竹林改造效果分析

以双牌县竹类类资源现状为基础，针对毛竹低产不同原因采用砍山、垦复、施肥三项措施对毛竹低产林进行了改造．结果表明连续五年砍山处理后的新竹数平均比对照高出61．93％，眉围平均比对照增加1．75％；砍山结合垦复处理后新竹成竹平均是对照的253．20％，平均眉围提高了6．54％；施肥有利于发笋成竹和提高眉围，提高成竹量尿素最佳，提高眉围嫩柴草最好．表4，参9．     

荆州市城市生活垃圾分类收集调查

围绕荆州市城市生活垃圾分类收集问题展开了社会调查。结果表明，居民主要通过电视和报纸了解垃圾分类政策，中等收入人群更关注垃圾分类，市民的环境意识非常强，超过70％的市民有垃圾分类的习惯并支持垃圾分类收集，大部分市民能接受的分类方式是可回收和不可回收分类方式，有近28％的居民对垃圾减量化认识不够，65．2％的居民能理解个人承担部分垃圾处理费用的必要性。论文还提出了相应的改进意见和解决办法，为生活垃圾分类收集在全国的推广提供了依据。     

多重复合加强型石膏材料的研制

从石膏的水化及硬化原理出发,通过添加有机物和无机物对石膏粉进行改性,并以石膏为基体,讨论了石膏与各种加强材料所形成的复合材料的抗压及抗折性能,从而寻找一种新型材料以解决当前化工产业生产的大量副产品——石膏的回收利用问题。     

Hybrid process-criterion benchmarking methodology framework to support sustainability performance assessment and reporting

The conception, design, and implementation of sustainable development strategies in an organization aims at meeting and balancing economic, social, and environmental needs of internal and external stakeholders. While the principles and fundamentals of sustainability assist during the conception and design phases, the implementation process of management strategies – impacted directly or indirectly by internal and external factors – may identify areas of competitive advantages or challenges that would impede the projects and organizations’ performance targets. An organization is not an isolated entity and its performance is often compared against others in the market arena; therefore, assessment tools, benchmarking processes, and reporting strategies become essential for the understanding of the efforts made towards the implementation of plan, policies, and programs at the organization and project levels. A framework for a hybrid process-criterion benchmarking methodology is proposed in this paper. The framework integrates the Rank Xerox benchmarking process and the Wa-Pa-Su project sustainability rating system assessment methodology. The proposed hybrid process-criterion benchmarking methodology encourages the diversification in the development and implementation of sustainable and environmental rating systems in industry contexts (e.g., oil and gas, mining, heavy industrial, and energy) and aims for the improvement of existing sustainability performance assessment and reporting practices. It also assists the quantitative assessment process of advances and/or setbacks in sustainability performance and the implementation of continuous performance improvement programs.     

化学品急性毒性藻红外测试技术的方法改进研究

在以往藻红外测试技术的急性毒性测试中,每次每个测试杯测试1个藻温,共2个测试组,并用藻最大响应温差1个指标进行毒性评价,测试结果的可行性和稳定性不理想,针对这个问题提出了改进方法:1)每次每个测试杯连测3个藻温;2)改为3个测试组;3)将单指标法改为三指标法;4)增加测试结果的重现性分析。通过蒸馏水毒性测试实验和重金属毒性测试实验,分析改进方法的效果。结果显示,不同指标方法中,三指标法控制假结果出现率为20%,控制效果最好;在测试4元重金属共存(总浓度0.066~0.156 mg·L~(-1))的毒性时,测试3个藻温的所有指标法的平均重现率(%)/重现性(%)均为100%/100%,测试1个藻温的三指标法的平均重现率(%)/重现性(%)为67%/100%,表明测试高浓度的重金属毒性时,不同指标法都有很好的评价效果;在测试一元重金属(0.001~0.1 mg·L~(-1))毒性时,只有三指标法的平均重现率(%)/重现性(%)是100%/100%,远高于其他指标法,表明只有三指标法才可准确测试低浓度重金属的毒性。在测试5种不同重金属共存的毒性时,三指标法的平均重现率(%)/重现性(%)平均为86.8%/100%。研究表明,改进后的技术用于化学品急性毒性测试,灵敏度高和稳定性好,结果可靠。     

自愿报告信息分析模型（CRIAM）研究

为深入分析挖掘自愿报告信息中蕴含的人为因素,在借鉴SHEL模型、REASON模型、HFACS模型、ECCAIRS模型的基础上,结合自愿报告信息内容的特点,采用上行和下行分类并行的思想构建了自愿报告信息分析模型,并运用该模型对我国航空安全自愿报告信息进行分析和对比。统计结果显示:执行不力、经验及情景意识缺乏、违规、运行计划或组织过程、压力与应激所占比重较大,对此,笔者分别从个体和组织两方面为有效实施风险管理提供了改进建议。该研究成果有助于获取重要的人为因素信息、识别出可能存在的安全隐患,为更好地改善航空安全提供了一种分析方法和思路。     

高度城市化地区碳汇资源基本特征及其提升策略

作为全球碳循环和当前低碳发展的重要组成内容之一,城市碳汇资源研究受到广泛关注.以高度城市化的深圳市为例,利用IPCC缺省碳汇系数法和相关研究模型,分析了城市碳汇资源的基本特征.结果显示:深圳市2005年碳汇总量约为347.85×104 t,其中林地、耕地、草地、湿地和海洋的碳汇总量分别为317.52×104、4.50×104、2.10×104、12.60×104和11.13×104 t.碳汇资源持续减少、碳汇资源量较低、碳汇品质较差、碳汇资源保护形势严峻、碳汇能力提升压力较大等是当前深圳碳汇资源的主要特征,表明要推动高度城市化地区低碳生态城市建设,必须重视城市碳汇资源相关工作的开展,促进碳汇资源持续增加和碳汇品质持续提升.结合深圳城市发展实际,从碳汇资源保护、碳汇资源建设、碳汇品质提升、碳汇服务交易等角度提出了深圳城市碳汇资源提升的主要策略.