Initial results from a multi-institutional collaboration to monitor harmful algal blooms in South Carolina

The rapid rate of development in the South Carolina (SC) coastal zone has heightened public concern for the condition of the state's estuaries, and alerted scientists to the potential that novel and adverse effects on estuarine ecosystems may result. Although well-developed databases from long-term monitoring programs exist for many variables valuable in predicting and following system responses, information on phytoplankton distributions in SC estuaries has lagged. Knowledge of the dynamical relationship between environmental (e.g., nutrient quantity and quality) and biological (e.g., grazing) regulation, and phytoplankton biomass and composition is critical to understanding estuarine susceptibility to eutrophication or harmful algal blooms (HABs). Recently, SC scientists from federal, state, and academic institutions established a collaborative monitoring program to assess HAB distribution and ecology statewide. The South Carolina Harmful Algal Bloom Program includes: a) intensive temporal monitoring at areas of known HAB occurrence or those exhibiting symptoms potentially related to HABs (e.g., prevalent fish lesions), b) extensive spatial monitoring in coordination with existing statewide efforts, c) a citizen volunteer monitoring network, d) nutrient response bioassays, and e) laboratory-based physiological experiments on HAB isolates. By combining trip-wire surveillance and rapid response systems, routine monitoring of environmental parameters and HAB distribution, and process-oriented studies examining the physiological functioning of HAB species, an enhanced understanding of the impact and environmental control of HABs in SC estuaries will be achieved. The application of this approach to studies on the distribution and physiological ecology of a new widespread SC red tide, and to the discovery of several potentially toxic blooms (including Pfiesteria) in SC holding ponds, are described.     

我国有害赤潮的灾害分级与时空分布

根据从文献获得的赤潮灾害基本信息的规范处理和分析，将我国的赤潮灾害划分为特大、重大、大型、中型和小型五个级别。结果表明，1933—2001年间我国赤潮灾害的发现次数为460次，赤潮灾害以小型为主，小于50km^2的占40．2％。赤潮灾害的发生范围已遍及我国沿海各省，其中辽东湾、长江口和杭州湾外侧的嵊泗列岛和花鸟山附近海域以及珠江口东侧及粤东近岸为我国三大赤潮多发区。近20a来，赤潮灾害的发现次数呈现上升趋势，为波动式增长，波动周期为3a左右，高峰持续时间越来越长。每次赤潮的平均面积即赤潮的规模呈现越来越大的趋势，平均面积已上升到500km^2左右。我国赤潮的高发期由南向北依次出现。南海的赤潮高发期为3—5月，东海的赤潮高发期为4—8月，渤海和黄海的赤潮高发期为5—9月。     

Seasonal dynamics of water bloom-forming Microcystis morphospecies and the associated extracellular microcystin concentrations in large, shallow, eutrophic Dianchi Lake

The increasing occurrence of Microcystis blooms is of great concern to public health and ecosystem due to the potential hepatotoxic microcystins （MCs） produced by these colonial cyanobacteria. In order to interpret the relationships between variations of Microcyst/s morphospedes and extracellular MC concentrations, the seasonal dynamics of phytoplankton community composition, MC concentrations, and environmental parameters were monitored monthly from August, 2009 to July, 2010. The results indicated that Microcystis dominated total phytoplankton abundance from May to December （96%--99% of total biovolume）, with toxic Microcystis viridis and non-toxic Microcystis wesenbergii dominating after July （constituting 65%- 95% of the Microcystis population）, followed by M. viridis as the sole dominant species from November to January （49%--93%）. Correlation analysis revealed that water temperature and nutrient were the most important variables accounting for the occurrence ofM. wesenbergii, while the dominance ofM. viridis was related with nitrite and nitrate. The relatively low content of MCs was explained by the association with a large proportion of M. viriclis and M. wesenbergii, small colony size of Microcystis populations, and low water temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen. The extracellular MC （mean of 0.5 ± 0.2 μg/L） of water samples analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） demonstrated the low concentrations of MC in Dianchi Lake which implied the low potential risk for human health in the basin. The survey provides the first whole lake study of the occurrence and seasonal variability of Microcyst/s population and     

水藻暴发的影响因素定量化研究初步

采用数值和理论相结合的方法,通过水藻扩散模型定量研究了沉降、扩散、生长、死亡、水深等因素对水藻生长状态的影响,提出初步判断水藻生长状态的判别标准.针对以往研究中对于水藻生长率、垂向紊动扩散系数垂向均匀假设过于简化,与实际情况不符的问题,本文分别研究了考虑光照条件下、营养盐限制条件下以及垂向扩散系数非均匀条件下,对于水藻生长状态以及水藻暴发判别标准的影响,结果发现光照引起的"遮蔽效应",营养盐的"通量限制"都会促使水藻由暴发或衰减状态向平衡状态发展.垂向扩散系数的分布形态对水藻生长状态影响大小受l/H(真光层深度和水深比)的影响,只有当水深较大时,即l/H较小时,应考虑垂直扩散系数垂向分布不均的影响.因此对于水深较小的宽浅湖泊,垂直扩散系数的形态变化对水藻生长状态的影响不明显.     

长江口邻近海域赤潮水体浮游植物光吸收特性分析

根据2013年8月对长江口邻近海域赤潮水体浮游植物优势物种及光吸收特性进行调查,在34个调查站位中,共10个站位发生赤潮,其中,6个站位发生硅藻赤潮,3个站位发生甲藻赤潮.赤潮水体和非赤潮水体浮游植物吸收系数变化很大,440 nm处吸收系数范围分别为0.199~0.832 m-1和0.012~0.109 m-1;而比吸收系数变化相对较小,440 nm处比吸收系数在赤潮和非赤潮水体的平均值分别为0.023 m2·mg-1和0.035 m2·mg-1.从赤潮水体向非赤潮水体过渡,大粒径浮游植物所占比例减小,小粒径浮游植物所占比例上升,打包效应减小,因而比吸收系数升高.浮游植物粒径指数的变化对440 nm和675nm处的比吸收系数变化的贡献可分别达到43%和25%.不同类型赤潮(如硅藻和甲藻赤潮)在浮游植物粒级结构接近的情况下吸收光谱仍具有明显差异,这是色素组成不同的结果.甲藻赤潮中硅甲藻黄素和叶绿素c2的浓度之和与叶绿素a浓度的比值大于硅藻赤潮,是甲藻在465 nm附近出现吸收肩峰的重要原因.     

Associations between Water Physicochemistry and Prymnesium parvum Presence,Abundance, and Toxicity in West Texas Reservoirs

Toxic blooms of golden alga (Prymnesium parvum) have caused substantial ecological and economic harm in freshwater and marine systems throughout the world. In North America, toxic blooms have impacted freshwater systems including large reservoirs. Management of water chemistry is one proposed option for golden alga control in these systems. The main objective of this study was to assess physicochemical characteristics of water that influence golden alga presence, abundance, and toxicity in the Upper Colorado River basin (UCR) in Texas. The UCR contains reservoirs that have experienced repeated blooms and other reservoirs where golden alga is present but has not been toxic. We quantified golden alga abundance (hemocytometer counts), ichthyotoxicity (bioassay), and water chemistry (surface grab samples) at three impacted reservoirs on the Colorado River; two reference reservoirs on the Concho River; and three sites at the confluence of these rivers. Sampling occurred monthly from January 2010 to July 2011. Impacted sites were characterized by higher specific conductance, calcium and magnesium hardness, and fluoride than reference and confluence sites. At impacted sites, golden alga abundance and toxicity were positively associated with salinity‐related variables and blooms peaked at ~10°C and generally did not occur above 20°C. Overall, these findings suggest management of land and water use to reduce hardness or salinity could produce unfavorable conditions for golden alga.     

Influence of zeta potential on the flocculation of cyanobacteria cells using chitosan modified soil

Using chitosan modified soil to flocculate and sediment algal cells has been considered as a promising strategy to combat cyanobacteria blooms in natural waters. However, the flocculation efficiency often varies with algal cells with different zeta potential (ZP) attributed to different growth phases or water conditions. This article investigated the relationship between ZP of Microcystis aeruginosa and its influence to the flocculation efficiency using chitosan modified soil. Results suggested that the optimal removal efficiency was obtained when the ZP was between -20.7 and -6.7 mV with a removal efficiency of more than 80% in 30 min and large floc size of >350 μm. When the algal cells were more negatively charged than -20.7 mV, the effect of chitosan modified soil was depressed (<60%) due to the insufficient charge density of chitosan to neutralize and destabilize the algal suspension. When the algal cells were less negative than -6.7 mV or even positively charged, a small floc size (<120 μm) was formed, which may be difficult to sink under natural water conditions. Therefore, manipulation of ZP provided a viable tool to improve the flocculation efficiency of chitosan modified soil and an important guidance for practical engineering of cyanobacteria bloom control.     

基于宏条形码技术的白洋淀水华藻类识别及其驱动因子分析

浮游藻类是引起水华暴发的主要原因.为筛选潜在水华藻类,评估白洋淀水华风险区域,于2020年8月对白洋淀373点位展开浮游藻类调查.利用宏条形码技术分析,解析水华藻类群落组成,同时采用显微镜计数法统计藻密度.根据总藻密度对白洋淀不同区域的水华程度进行评估,同时进一步针对水华藻类群落,耦合淀区水质条件,探究白洋淀不同区域水华藻类群落空间差异驱动因子,以甄别影响水华藻类群落结构关键环境因子.结果表明,95%以上采样区域无水华风险(藻类密度<2×10⁶个·L^-1),仅5个样点存在轻微水华风险.但水华藻类群落分析共检测到了90种水华藻类,其中优势水华藻种有20种,隶属于以绿藻门、蓝藻门和裸藻门为主.水华藻类群落结构在不同区域上具有显著空间异质性(P<0.05).关键驱动因子解析结果表明,总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)和氨氮(NH⁺₄-N)是造成水华藻类群落结构差异的关键因子.其中,门水平上,蓝藻门水华藻类与以上关键因子显著正相关;种水平上,硅藻门和绿藻门水华藻类与关键因子响应更显著.因此,水华藻类群落...     

三峡库区澎溪河河段间水华程度差异及其机制

三峡大坝蓄水以来,库区50%一级支流水华频发,且不同支流水华高发断面的地理位置不同,受干流影响程度存在差异.为探讨水华暴发的河段差异,及其与长江回水的关系,以库区一级支流澎溪河为例,在2019年春季水华季,进行了间隔期一周、总时长一个月的采样,从河口至上游设置7个采样断面(PX1～PX7),根据各断面的垂向水温和电导率特征推断长江回水的影响范围和形式;并通过对水华高发的高阳平湖断面(PX5)和分别距其4 km的上游断面(PX6)和下游断面(PX4)的水文、水质和底泥营养盐等指标,探究断面间水华暴发程度的差异及其机制.结果表明,水华季澎溪河下游(PX1～PX4)的ρ(Chl-a)较低,为14.55～44.00μg·L^-1,上游(PX5～PX7)则达到42.66～175.40μg·L^-1,其中PX5的ρ(Chl-a)最高时达413.00μg·L^-1,显著高于其余位点(P<0.05).温度和电导率结果显示,4～5月长江干流回水从中下层潜入澎溪河,下游(PX1～PX4)处于长江干流回水与澎溪河上游来水的交汇区域,水体不稳定...     

电化学氧化技术对藻源性湖泛的降解效果

为探索电化学氧化技术降解藻源性湖泛的可行性和实施效果,选取太湖藻华发生水域的浓缩藻类在室内稀释后,于高温黑暗条件下腐烂形成湖泛水样. 用钛基阴阳极板于24 V额定电压、100 W额定功率的变压器下在室内进行降解,并分别设置3个试验组和1个对照组. 结果表明:反应51 h后ρ(Chla)从初始的2 909.87 μg/L降至72.02 μg/L,降解率达97.6%;悬浮物〔OSM(有机悬浮物)、ISM(无机悬浮物)、TSM(总悬浮物)〕、含氮污染物〔TN、TDN(溶解性总氮)〕、COD_Mn、DOC(溶解性有机碳)的降解率分别为40.8~94.7%、37.4~58.9%、78.8%、40.1%;电化学氧化法对水体有机物的降解效果好,而短期内水体藻类污染物的自降解能力较为微弱. 电化学氧化法能有效去除湖泊水体中的藻类污染物,并且极板功率较小、反应时间短.