道路建设对成都市热岛效应的影响

热岛效应是城市气候最显著的特征之一。土地利用方式及土地覆盖的改变,如城市化和道路建设是导致热岛现象的重要原因之一。然而目前针对道路属性（道路密度及类型）对城市热岛效应的影响研究还较缺乏。本研究运用2012年成都市不同时次（冬夏季）的遥感数据及城市道路交通专题图,运用3S技术探讨道路密度对城市热岛效应的影响以及不同类型道路对城市热岛效应的热贡献。研究表明：（1）成都市热岛效应明显,市区地表平均温度显著高于郊区且热岛强度呈现夏强（3~4℃）冬弱（2.5~3℃）、夜强昼弱的特征。日间城市热岛效应呈现多热中心的分布模式,但冬夏季热岛中心位置不同。夏季日间热中心位于城市的西南部和中东北部,最高可达32.66℃,而冬季日间城市的西南部地表温度较高且热中心主要分布于城市边界地区,地表温度超过16℃。无论冬夏,夜间城市热岛效应均呈现环状分布特征,即从城市边缘到中心,地表温度逐渐升高,夏季城乡地表温差高达4.37℃而冬季达到2.82℃。（2）成都市区道路呈现“圈层型＋辐射型”分布模式,道路密度与道路的分布有关,城市南部及西南部的道路密度高于北部区域。（3）无论冬夏,道路密度与地表温度正相关,但两者相关性呈现昼弱夜强的特征,其中夜间相关系数达到0.5左右。对热效应贡献度指数、热单元权重指数、区域热单元权重指数3个指标的分析都表明无论冬夏、无论昼夜,市区分布面积最广的三级道路对城市热岛效应的热贡献最大,其热效应贡献度指数均在95%以上,其次是二级道路,各项热效应贡献度指数为45%~80%。本研究结果将有助于未来城市建设和道路规划,并为缓解城市热岛效应提供理论支持。     

桉树叶水浸出液对2种海洋微藻生长和叶绿素荧光特性的影响

运用水样叶绿素荧光仪(Water-PAM)研究了桉树叶水浸出液胁迫下湛江叉鞭金藻(Dicrateria zhanjiangensis)和纤细角毛藻(Chaetoceros gracilis)2种海洋微藻叶绿素荧光特性〔包括PS(光系统)Ⅱ的F_v/F₀(潜在活性)、F_v/F_m(最大光能转化效率)、Yield(实际光能转化效率)、ETR(电子传递效率),其中F_m和F₀分别为最大荧光和基础荧光〕的变化,同时监测微藻的生长情况,以研究桉树叶水浸出液对海洋微藻的影响,从而为探讨华南沿海大量种植桉树所造成潜在的海洋生态问题提供一些依据. 结果表明:①低浓度(以φ计,0.4、0.8、1.2mL/L)胁迫在96h内对湛江叉鞭金藻的上述4项荧光参数均无显著影响(P>0.05);高浓度(2.0mL/L)胁迫下,24h时湛江叉鞭金藻的4项荧光参数都处于最低值,48h时处于次低值. 表明高浓度在胁迫早期(48h内)对湛江叉鞭金藻4项荧光参数有抑制作用,而后期(72、96h)这4项荧光参数又恢复到正常水平,抑制作用解除. ②低浓度(0.4、0.8mL/L)胁迫下纤细角毛藻的4项荧光参数在24、48h内均得到促进,而高浓度(2.0mL/L)胁迫下F_v/F_m在24h时为最小值,表现抑制作用;另外3项荧光参数则未受显著影响. 在胁迫后期(72、96h),纤细角毛藻的4项荧光参数均随着胁迫浓度的增大而增加,表现为促进作用. ③就生长情况而言,随着胁迫浓度的增大,2种海洋微藻细胞密度的增长明显变缓. 表明桉树叶水浸出液对2种海洋微藻的生长以及叶绿素荧光特性都有影响,从而将会对整个海洋生态系统产生影响.      

基于密度泛函理论模拟单壁碳纳米管对五种核酸碱基的吸附

基于密度泛函理论,模拟了单壁碳纳米管(SWNTs)对5种碱基的吸附作用.考察了SWNTs直径、电荷转移量、碱基最高占据分子轨道能(EHOMO)和最低未占据分子轨道能(ELUMO)与SWNTs吸附碱基的吸附能之间的关系.结果表明,随着SWNTs直径的增大,SWNTs吸附碱基的吸附能降低.SWNT(6,6)吸附5种碱基的最低吸附能Emin与由碱基转移到SWNTs的电荷转移量(Q)及碱基的EHOMO线性负相关,相关系数分别为-0.966和-0.804(P<0.05).吸附后SWNTs与碱基的前线轨道无重叠,且SWNTs电子结构未受影响,表明吸附行为属于物理吸附.     

Physicochemical properties of non-living water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) and lesser duckweed (Lemna minor) and their influence on the As(V) adsorption processes

Eichhornia crassipes (Ec) and Lemna minor (Lm) are aquatic plants. They are considered as weeds of the water and approach being a scourge in many parts of the world, choking waterways and hindering transport upon them. At the same time they are known to readily remove heavy metal ions from water. This paper considers the use of non-living plants as novel and inexpensive biosorbent for the removal of As(V) from watersheds. In the first place they were conditioned and characterised to determine their physicochemical and surface properties and in the second place their adsorption properties for As(V) from aqueous solution were evaluated considering the toxicity of this metalloid in the environment. It describes the methodology to prepare the non-living biomasses; the physicochemical characterisation by SEM, XRD, FTIR, TGA analyses and surface characterisation of Ec and Lm by specific surface, hydration kinetic, point of zero charge determination by mass titration, active site density and XPS analysis are described. Both studied biomasses were found to be potential bio-sorbents for arsenic ions from aqueous solution. According to their efficiency to remove arsenic, they can be used in a very low cost metalloid ions removal system.     

Influence of slope aspect on soil physico-chemical and biological properties in the mid hills of central Nepal

This study assessed the influence of slope aspect and land use on soil physio-chemical and biological properties (soil quality indicators) on contiguous south- and north-facing slopes of the mid hills in central Nepal, having the same climate, vegetation and parent material. In each aspect, two treatments (agriculture and forest) were chosen and four replicates taken for each treatment. Soil sample collection and microarthropod extraction was done according to the standard methodology: soil core samples (10 × 10 × 5 cm) and extraction with the modified Berlese–Tullgren funnel. The investigated soil variables were temperature, moisture, faunal abundance and diversity, organic matter, organic carbon, bulk density and pH. Except in a few cases, all considered soil properties showed significant differences between aspects and land use. Soils of the north-facing slope had higher SOC content, moisture, faunal abundance and diversity, and lower temperature and pH. Variations due to topographic aspect induced varied microclimates, causing differences in faunal abundance and diversity; soil moisture, temperature and organic matter trends affected soil fertility and ultimately soil quality. Further studies are required to clarify the complex interactions between soil properties (physio-chemical and biological), vegetation and slope aspect in Nepal, as well as to develop soil biological indicators as a tool to assist in sustainable land management.     

The spatial nexus between population growth and land degradation in a dry Mediterranean region: a rapidly changing pattern?

A better understanding of the spatial linkage between the distribution of land vulnerable to degradation and long-term population growth may contribute to sustainable land management of dry regions. Such a nexus has received increasing attention among politicians and local stakeholders, as its complex outcomes depend on mutual interactions between socioeconomic and biophysical factors. This is particularly true in southern Europe, where important processes of land degradation (LD) have been observed in recent years. This paper analyses population growth (1871–2007) in southern Italy and questions its relationship with the level of land vulnerable to degradation. Results indicate that vulnerable lands were more likely associated with areas where population growth has determined environmental pressures on coastal areas and the neighbouring lowlands during 1950–1980. This pattern consolidated the socioeconomic polarisation between core and peripheral areas. Since the 1980s, however, southern Italy has experienced a phase of polycentric development, possibly determining a ‘decoupling’ between population density and land vulnerability to degradation. Population increased in moderately vulnerable areas but decreased in highly vulnerable areas. The policy implications of these results are discussed.     

Climate change,risk management and the end of Nomadic pastoralism

Mobility has been argued to be the single factor explaining why some pastoralists do relatively well during extreme climatic events, while others do not, because mobility works by taking advantage of the spatial and temporal structure of resource failure by moving away from scarcity towards abundance. In spite of this, a common governmental management strategy is to resettle pastoral populations and thereby significantly reduce mobility. By revealing the underlying logic of mobility for Tibetan pastoralists, this paper questions official policy that aims at privatizing communally owned rangelands since it reduces pastoral flexibility and access to key resources. This is especially pertinent in the face of climate change. While little is known as to the specifics of how climate change will affect nomadic pastoralists, environmental variability is likely to increase. Consequently, policies resulting in decreased mobility may exacerbate the negative effects of climate change because of a positive feedback between climate and negative density dependence.     

超大跨度渡槽脉动风频率特性分析

贵州龙场渡槽是我国目前最大的拱跨渡槽,其脉动风频率特性分析对设计工作具有极其重要的指导作用。计算了龙场渡槽在有水、无水工况下的前20阶自振频率,分析了相应的振型;采用极值Ⅰ型概率分布函数,计算得到龙场渡槽所在地的50年一遇最大设计风速为17.6m/s;针对1986～2010年间的3次强风风速和50年一遇最大设计风速,计算了龙场渡槽所在地典型高程处的脉动风功率谱密度。研究表明:在同一高度,随着年平均最大风速的增加,功率谱密度最大值逐渐增大,其对应的频率也在增大;对于同一风速,随着高度的增加,功率谱密度的最大值逐渐增大,其对应的频率也在增大。通过比较龙场渡槽自振频率与脉动风功率谱密度显著值所对应的频率,认为龙场渡槽在上述风速下不会发生共振现象。     

东北典型黑土区坡沟侵蚀耦合关系

东北黑土区是中国重要的商品粮基地,但是严重的水土流失给其粮食产量带来了严峻考验。论文在遥感和GIS支持下,选择黑龙江省乌裕尔河和讷谟尔河两流域包含的东北典型黑土区作为研究区,以USLE模型和SPOT 5影像为基础,分别获取了2005年研究区的坡面侵蚀量和侵蚀沟分布数据,据此分析了典型黑土区坡面侵蚀和沟蚀之间在不同等级、 坡度、 坡向等方面的耦合关系。研究发现微度侵蚀和轻度侵蚀是坡面侵蚀主要区域,沟蚀发展程度比较剧烈;坡度小于5°时,坡度是沟蚀产生的制约因素,当大于5°时,坡度已经不是侵蚀沟形成过程中的主要控制因素;阳坡坡面侵蚀量高于阴坡的坡面侵蚀量,坡向在东北典型黑土区不是影响沟蚀发育的首要因子;侵蚀强度在2 500 t/(km²·a)以下的地区,随着坡面侵蚀量的增大侵蚀沟密度增大,而当大于2 500 t/(km²·a)以后,侵蚀沟密度比较稳定。     

污泥为燃料的微生物燃料电池运行特性研究

实验采用单室无膜悬浮阴极微生物燃料电池(MFC),考察了运行特性对污泥为燃料的MFC(SMFC)的影响.研究表明,相对于未搅拌情况,搅拌时SMFC最大输出功率由45.94mW/m2分别增加到124.03mW/m2(1300r/min)和136.5mW/m2(2600 r/min),主要是由于搅拌有利于改善SMFC内物质的传递. 温度对SMFC的产电特性影响较明显,但在一定区间内(如20~25℃;30~40℃;45~50℃)变化不明显,说明产电微生物有一定的温度适应范围,这也可能是在不同温度下产电微生物不同导致.相对于采用未经处理的剩余污泥为燃料,微波处理后的污泥和微波处理过滤后的上清液做燃料时SMFC输出功率迅速增加,这主要是由于污泥中的微生物竞争作用引起.阴极面积的增加有利于降低阴极电势,降低SMFC内阻,从而促进功率密度的增加.