基于外部效应分析机井密度对地下水位的影响

农用机井的迅猛发展使地下水灌溉在我国的粮食生产中发挥了重要作用,但同时也使地下水面临超采严重和水位下降的严峻形势。为了可持续地利用地下水资源,政府需采取必要措施。鉴于地下水使用中存在的外部效应,合理控制机井密度可能是值得政府考虑的重要举措之一。然而,现有文献对机井密度与地下水位之间的关系仍缺乏实证分析。本研究以兰考县为案例研究区,结合有关部门的机井普查数据和研究小组搜集的农户调研数据,利用空间分析和计量模型分析,发现机井密度与地下水位之间具有显著的关系。具体而言,当某一机井100 m半径范围内的机井数目每增加一眼,该机井的水位显著下降约15 cm;机井密度对水位的边际影响随半径范围的扩大而下降。研究建议：政府在今后应采取有关措施控制机井密度,加强地下水取水许可证制度建设等配套措施。     

重庆市江北县两路镇环境噪声观测评价及预测

本文对两路镇环境噪声污染现状作了观测、分析和评价,应用重庆市人口密度和环境噪声模式及交通噪声污染模式,对未来10年环境噪声和交通噪声作了科学预测。     

以废治废的可行性探索——沈阳市高浓度废液的综合治理

通过介绍采集各类企业高浓度废液——电镀铬液、酸性废液、碱性废液、含各种重金属及其盐类酸碱液 ,开展集中处置、以废治废的试验研究 ,提出了经济、高效、实用的处置方法 ,为相继开展高浓度废液集中处置的城市提供重要借鉴     

Atmospheric Deposition, Mineralization and Leaching of Nitrogen in Subtropical Forested Catchments, South China

In recent years, China has conducted considerable research focusing on the emission and effects of sulphur (S) on human health and ecosystems. By contrast, there has been little emphasis on anthropogenic nitrogen (N) so far, even though studies conducted abroad indicate that long-range atmospheric transport of N and ecological effects (e.g. acidification of soil and water) may be significant. The Sino-Norwegian project IMPACTS, launched in 1999, has established monitoring sites at five forest ecosystems in the southern part of PR China to collect comprehensive data on air quality, acidification status and ecological effects. Here we present initial results about N dynamics at two of the IMPACTS sites located near Chongqing and Changsha, including estimation of atmospheric deposition fluxes of NO_x and NH_x and soil N transformations. Nitrogen deposition is high at both sites when compared with values from Europe and North America (25–38 kg ha^–1 yr^–1). About 70% of the deposited N comes as NH₄, probably derived from agriculture. Leaching of N from soils is high and nearly all as NO₃ ^–1. Transformation of N to NO₃ ^–1 in soils results in acidification rates that are high compared to rates found elsewhere. Despite considerable leaching of NO₃ ^–1 from the root zone of the soils, little NO₃ ^–1 appears in streamwater. This indicates that N retention or denitrification, both causing acid neutralization, may be important and probably occur in the groundwater and groundwater discharge zones. The soil flux density of mineral N, which is the sum of N deposition and N mineralization, and which is dominated by the N mineralization flux, may be a good indicator for leaching of NO₃ ^–1 in soils. However, this indicator seems site specific probably due to differences in land-use history and current N requirement.     

A combination line transect and capture-recapture sampling model for multiple observers in aerial surveys

We present a robust sampling methodology to estimate population size using line transect and capture-recapture procedures for aerial surveys. Aerial surveys usually underestimate population density due to animals being missed. A combination of capture-recapture and line transect sampling methods with multiple observers allows violation of the assumption that all animals on the centreline are sighted from the air. We illustrate our method with an example of inanimate objects which shows evidence of failure of the assumption that all objects on the centreline have probability 1 of being detected. A simulation study is implemented to evaluate the performance of three variations of the Lincoln-Petersen estimator: the overall estimator, the stratified estimator, and the general stratified estimator based on the combined likelihood proposed in this paper. The stratified Lincoln-Petersen estimator based on the combined likelihood is found to be generally superior to the other estimators.     

Calculation of Entrainment in Density Jumps

The density jump in a two-layer channel flow of miscible fluids, in which one of the layers is infinitely deep and at rest, is analyzed using the momentum flux and mass flux conservation equations. The analysis yields simple equations relating the heights upstream and downstream of the jump with the upstream Froude number and the rate of entrainment into the moving layer, as well as a relation between the maximum possible entrainment and the upstream Froude number. The analysis also shows that when the flow down-stream of the jump is controlled by an obstruction or a contraction, the entrainment rate into the jump depends solely on the dimensionless obstruction height contraction ratio and the upstream Froude number.     

安全填埋场粘土衬层渗透性的试验研究

工业危险废物填埋场为防渗透,要求两层粘土的渗透系数k<1×10-7cm/s。为满足设计要求,沈阳工业危险废物填理场通过实验确定与其相关的施工参数。如铺土厚度,碾压遍数,碾压机具,粘土的最优含水量,干密度。同时按设计要求测试碾压过的场地渗透系数。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL INFLUENCE OF SOIL FROST ON INFILTRATION AND EROSION OF SAGEBRUSH RANGELANDS1

ABSTRACT: Soil infiltration capacity and interrill erosion are significantly influenced by soil frost on western rangelands which are characterized by cold winters and numerous freeze-thaw cycles. However, little is known about the variable influence of this phenomenon. Infiltration and interrill erosion were measured within a sagebrush-grass plant community during the winter, spring, and summer of 1989. Significant spatial and temporal differences in infiltration capacity and interrill erosion were found for shrub coppice dune and dune interspace soils. Infiltration was generally higher for coppice dune soils compared to interspace soils throughout the year. Infiltration capacity for both soils was lowest early in the year when the soil was frozen or saturated, then increased as the soil dried in the spring and summer. Interrill erosion was consistently lower for coppice dune soils compared to interspace soils. Erosion from interspace soils was greatest during a 19-day period in late winter characterized by diurnal freeze-thaw cycles, saturated surface soil conditions, and soil slaking.     

Use of sequential sampling of amphipod abundance to classify the biotic integrity of acid-sensitive lakes

A sequential sampling program using previously published zoobenthos data is described for ubiquitous, cost-effective biomonitoring of the effects of lake acidification. Spring densities of the littoral amphipodHyalella azteca are quantitatively sorted into five abundance catagories. An essential step in the a priori definition of decision criteria is the stratification of proportional densities per unit macrophyte biomass in relation to aqueous total phosphorus concentrations. Density rankings were related to lake acidity and to detailed lake-specific information on patterns ofHyalella life history and acid tolerance. Incorporation ofHyalella abundance as a potential metric for the assessment of the biological integrity of acid-sensitive waters is recommended. The temporal integration of transient changes in spring meltwater chemistry is an important rationale for the development of such biomonitoring procedures.     

A method for prediction of extent of microbial pollution of seawater and carrying capacity of beaches

The increase in the number of tourists visiting a coast is desired by most of the countries for economic reasons. However, this increase in tourism may cause pollution of the sea. This can be only avoided by proper planning and by predicting the carrying capacity of the coast in terms of sea pollution. This is especially important for developing countries where part of the wastewater is discharged without any treatment into the sea.In the present study the beaches were classified according to their use — and consequently the amount of waste discharged into the sea — into four groups: (1) coasts that are used only for swimming and recreational purposes; (2) coasts used simultaneously for dwelling, swimming, and recreational purposes; (3) coasts along which only dwellings exist; and (4) natural and man-made harbors, i.e., coasts used as shelters. During the survey,40,320 observations were made between December 1985 and February 1988 to determine the effect of the number of tourists on seawater quality. The results obtained were analyzed by a multilinear regression program to obtain an empirical equation giving the extent of the sea pollution in terms of coliform concentration as a function of population density and some other environmental factors.The equations derived in this study enable the determination of the carrying capacity of a beach in terms of pollution as well as the expected degree of pollution corresponding to a given population density. Furthermore, it allows the prediction of the extra carrying capacity that can be obtained by improving the waste-disposal conditions.