不同耕作方式对土壤性质与玉米生长的影响研究

通过种植前对土壤进行不同耕作处理试验,探讨不同耕作方式和耕作深度（30 cm,35 cm,45 cm）对土壤理化性状及玉米（Zea mays L）根系生长的影响。结果表明,三种耕作方式对土壤容重、土壤含水量、土壤微生物总量、玉米根系生长的影响表现为：深松耕作〉传统耕作〉免耕。其中,深松耕作对表层土壤（0～25 cm）容重降低作用大于深层土壤（25～45 cm）;对增加土壤含水量、增加土壤微生物总量、促进玉米根系生长方面的作用,深层土壤大于表层土壤;从不同耕作深度进行比较,深松45 cm〉深松35 cm〉深松30 cm〉传统耕作,即耕作越深,对土壤物理性状和作物根系生长影响越大。不同耕作处理间玉米产量无显著性差异。综合研究区的土壤性质、作物生长、自然环境等因素,雨养农区可采用免耕—深松的循环耕作模式,改良土壤性质,提高经济效益。     

广州绿地土壤理化特性及其相关性

以广州市荔湾区城市绿地为起点往东北延伸至从化流溪河自然保护区,建立长100km、宽10km的绿地土壤样带以研究广州市绿地土壤理化性状及土壤因子间的相关性。研究结果表明,广州绿地土壤容重平均值为（1.31±0.20）g·cm^-3,属偏紧范围;自然含水量为112.14～402.33g·kg^-1;总孔隙度均值（44.10%±4.84%）,属过紧实（45.3%～41.5%）。土壤pH值为2.21～7.82,变幅较广;有机质属丰富偏下水平（30～40g·kg^-1）;有效磷、有效钙和重金属的变化范围也较广。土壤砂粒质量分数与绝大多数土壤物理因子呈极显著负相关（P〈0.01）,土壤pH值与重金属总铬、总镉、总铅、有效铜、有效钙和有效钾等呈极显著正相关（P〈0.01）。研究结果为科学使用和保护城市绿地土壤提供依据。     

Explaining human settlement patterns in a recreational lake district: Vilas County,Wisconsin, USA

Lakeshore development in Vilas County, northern Wisconsin (USA) is heterogeneous, ranging from lakes that are surrounded by homes and commercial establishments to lakes that have no buildings on their shorelines. Development in this recreational area has increased, and since the 1960s over half of new homes have been built on the lakeshore. We examined building density around lakes in relationship to 11 variables, including in-lake, shoreline, and social characteristics. Buildings in many parts of northern Wisconsin tend to be concentrated around shorelines; in Vilas County 61% of all medium-sized buildings (our proxy for residential development) on private land were ≤100 m of a lake. The probability of development on a lake was largely related to lake surface area, with larger, more accessible lakes showing a higher probability of development. Building density along shorelines varied with travel cost, lake surface area, presence of wetlands, and extent of public land ownership. Building density was greater on larger, more accessible lakes that were surrounded by forest (as opposed to wetlands) and public lands. Gaining a more precise understanding of human settlement patterns can help direct planning and resource protection efforts to lakes most likely to experience future development.     

Ontogenetic States,Effective Density,and Classification of Plant Populations

Uranov (1975) formulated a theory of the age structure of plant populations and, in particular, defined the index of ageness . On the basis of this theory, the concepts of the energy efficiency of plants in a certain ontogenetic state and the average efficiency of a population () are introduced. A new classification of populations with respect to the types of age structure is proposed which is based on both the and values and, accordingly, is named the delta–omega classification. The notion of effective population density is defined. This parameter takes into account different loads of plants in different ontogenetic states on the environment and is quantitatively equal to the product of the population density and . The proposed approaches and methods are illustrated by data on the distribution of age states in different plant species.     

考虑疏散安全的公共场所人员容量控制研究

利用已建立的大型公共场所人员疏散行为模型,首先针对案例超市Ⅰ,在考虑疏散安全的前提下,研究了公共场所中被疏散人员的个体差异、障碍物的数量和布局差异以及疏散出口的宽度等因素对人员容量的影响,得出了不能简单地通过计算建筑面积或营业面积与给定的人员密度的乘积来设置公共场所人员容量的结论。进一步针对案例超市Ⅱ,在假设其被疏散人员构成与案例超市Ⅰ一致的条件下,通过模拟对比两个案例超市的人员容量,验证了应用均一化的人员密度来控制不同公共场所人员容量的规定不具有普适性,公共场所人员容量的确定必须要根据具体场所的实际情况来具体分析。     

Longitudinal‐Vertical Hydrodynamic and Turbidity Simulations for Prediction of Dam Reconstruction Effects in Asian Monsoon Area1

Abstract: This research investigates possible impacts of enlarged water body according to dam reconstruction on the hydrodynamics and water quality of the reservoir using a laterally averaged, two‐dimensional hydrodynamic and transport model, CE‐QUAL‐W2. The lake was formed by the artificial dam in 1983 for agricultural water supply and is currently under consideration of reconstruction so as to expand the volume of reservoir for flood control as well as water supply in downstream areas. To calibrate and validate the model, field‐collected data were compared with model predictions for water level fluctuations and water temperature during the years of 2001 (from January to December) and 2003 (from March to November). The model results showed a good agreement with field measurements both in calibration and verification. Utilizing the model, impacts of dam reconstruction on the thermal hydrodynamics and turbid current were predicted. From the model results, dam reconstruction limited the depth of thermal stratification below 10 meter and formed steep temperature gradient between epilimnion and hypolimnion. The restricted thermal stratification persisted up to the end of September. This result indicated that thermal stratification would become stronger during summer and stay longer after dam reconstruction. In addition, the restricted thermal stratification caused vertical circulation of water mixing lower than 10 meter and isolated the upper water layer from the lower water layer which increased the volume of hypolimnetic water with low temperature. The vertical circulation near the surface also mitigated propagation of density plume within the depth of 10 m which would remain the hypolimnetic water clean.     

Aggregated Estimation of the Basic Parameters of Biological Production and the Carbon Budget of Russian Terrestrial Ecosystems: 1. Stocks of Plant Organic Mass

The data presented were obtained at the first stage (1993–1999) of studies on evaluating the basic parameters of biological production in Russian terrestrial ecosystems in order to provide information for assessing and modeling the carbon budget of the entire terrestrial biota of the country. Stocks of phytomass (by fractions), coarse woody debris, and dead roots (underground necromass) were calculated by two independent methods, which yielded close results. The total amount of phytomass in Russian terrestrial ecosystems was estimated at 81800 Tg (=10¹² g = million t) dry matter, or 39989 Tg carbon. Forest ecosystems comprise a greater part (82.1%) of live plant organic matter (here and below, comparisons are made with respect to the carbon content); natural grasslands and brushwoods account for 8.8%; the phytomass of wetlands (bogs and swamps), for 6.6%; and the phytomass of farmlands, for only 2.5%. Aboveground wood contains approximately two-thirds of the plant carbon (63.8%), and green parts contain 9.9%. For all classes of ecosystems, the proportion of underground phytomass averages 26.7% of the total amount, varying from 22.0% in forests to 57.1% in grasslands and brushwoods. The average phytomass density on lands covered with vegetation (1629.9 million hectares in Russia) is 5.02 kg/m² dry matter, or 2.45 kg C/m². The total amount of carbon in coarse woody debris is 4955 Tg C, and 9180 Tg C are in the underground necromass. In total, the vegetation of Russian terrestrial ecosystems (without litter) contains 54124 Tg carbon.     

Fractal analysis of polyferric chloride-humic acid （PFC-HA） flocs in different topological spaces

The fractal dimensions in different topological spaces of polyferric chloride-humic acid (PFC-HA) flocs, formed in flocculating different kinds of humic acids (HA) water with different initial pH (9.00, 7.00, 5.00) and PFC dosages, were calculated by effective density-maximum diameter, image analysis, and N2 absorption-desorption methods, respectively. The mass fractal dimensions (Df) of PFC-HA flocs, being more than 2.0, calculated by bi-logarithm relation of effective density-maximum diameter and Logan empirical formula at initial pH of 7.00 had 11-13 percentage greater than those at pH 9.00 and 5.00, indicating the most compact flocs formed in flocculated HA water at initial pH of 7.00. The image analysis for those flocs indicates that after flocculating the HA water at initial pH greater than 7.00 with PFC flocculant, the fractal dimensions of D2 (logA vs. logdL) and D3 (logVsphere vs. logdL) of PFC-HA flocs decreased with the increase of PFC dosages, and PFC-HA flocs showed a gradually looser structure. At the optimum dosage of PFC, the D2 (logA vs. logdL) values of the flocs show 14%--43% difference with their corresponding Df, and they even had different tendency as the change of initial pH values. However, the D2 values of the flocs formed at three different initial pH in HA solution, calculated from the horizontal projected images with magnification about 9, had a same tendency with the corresponding Df. Based on fractal Frenkel-Halsey-Hill (FHH) adsorption and desorption equations, the pore surface fractal dimensions (Ds) for dried powders of PFC-HA flocs formed in HA water with initial pH 9.00 and 7.00 were all close to 2.9421, and the Ds values of flocs formed at initial pH 5.00 were less than 2.3746. It indicated that the pore surface fractal dimensions of PFC-HA flocs dried powder mainly show the irregularity from the mesopore-size distribution and some marcopore-size distribution.     

沉淀池的数值模拟

运用计算流体力学软件FLUENT模拟了平流式沉淀池在不同进水口高度,进水挡板位置,颗粒密度和圆弧形扰流板位置下的流场、悬浮物的浓度场。从模拟结果的分析比较可以看出,在一定范围内改变沉淀池的进水口高度,对沉淀池的去除效果没有影响。挡板的淹没深度和颗粒的密度则对悬浮物的去除效率影响较大。挡板的水平位置只在一定范围内变化才能使沉淀池保持较为理想的去除效率。圆弧形扰流板的加设可以改变沉淀池内流态不均的现象,从而提高沉淀池的运行效率。     

环境因素对接种Shewanella baltica的微生物燃料电池产电能力的影响

通过筛选获得1株Shewanella baltica,分别改变阳极基质种类、浓度、pH和温度,考察不同条件下接种该菌后MFC产电特性.乳酸钠作为基质时接种该菌的MFC产电功率密度最大,MFC产电功率密度和基质浓度满足Monod模型.阳极溶液pH和温度对接种该菌的MFC产电功率密度影响最大.阳极溶液pH为8时接种该菌的MFC产电功率密度最大可达1236mW/m2,最大功率密度上升主要是阳极内阻和阳极电势影响所致.接种该菌的MFC最大产电功率密度在50℃达到1197mW/m2,最大功率密度随温度变化的主要原因是温度对阳极内阻的影响,20～50℃时MFC电流密度与温度满足Arrhenius方程.