基于电化学噪声技术的碳钢大气腐蚀行为监测方法

目的基于电化学噪声技术搭建了Q235碳钢腐蚀行为监测系统,对海洋大气环境下Q235碳钢的腐蚀过程进行监测。方法采用时域谱图、频域谱图方法对采集的电化学噪声数据进行分析。结果 0.5~2.0 h(晴天),电流噪声幅值较小,时域谱图出现少数暂态峰,频域谱图无白噪声区,电极处于钝化期;46~47.5 h(降雨),电流噪声波动变大,谱图出现大量暂态峰,PSD的斜率快速下降,电极表面出现蚀点,电极处于稳态点蚀期。结论该监测系统很好地实现了对海洋大气下Q235碳钢腐蚀行为的连续监测。     

环境因素对接种Shewanella baltica的微生物燃料电池产电能力的影响

通过筛选获得1株Shewanella baltica,分别改变阳极基质种类、浓度、pH和温度,考察不同条件下接种该菌后MFC产电特性.乳酸钠作为基质时接种该菌的MFC产电功率密度最大,MFC产电功率密度和基质浓度满足Monod模型.阳极溶液pH和温度对接种该菌的MFC产电功率密度影响最大.阳极溶液pH为8时接种该菌的MFC产电功率密度最大可达1236mW/m2,最大功率密度上升主要是阳极内阻和阳极电势影响所致.接种该菌的MFC最大产电功率密度在50℃达到1197mW/m2,最大功率密度随温度变化的主要原因是温度对阳极内阻的影响,20～50℃时MFC电流密度与温度满足Arrhenius方程.     

Stability of soil organic carbon changes in successive rotations of Chinese fir （Cunninghamia lanceolata （Lamb.） Hook） plantations

The importance of soil organic carbon (SOC) under forests in the global carbon cycle depends on the stability of the soil carbon and its availability to soil microbial biomass. We investigated the e ects of successive rotations of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook) plantations on the stability of SOC and its availability to microbes by adopting the two-step hydrolysis with H2SO4 and density fractionation. The results showed that successive rotations of Chinese fir decreased the quantity of total SOC, recalcitrant fraction, and carbohydrates in Labile Pool I (LP I), and microbial properties evidently, especially at 0–10 cm horizon. However, cellulose included in Labile Pool II (LP II) and the cellulose/total carbohydrates ratio increased in successive rotations of Chinese fir. The noncellulose of carbohydrates included in LP I maybe highly available to soil microbial biomass. Hence the availability of SOC to microbial biomass declined over the successive rotations. Although there was no significant change in recalcitrance of SOC over the successive rotations of Chinese fir, the percentage of heavy fraction to total SOC increased, suggesting that the degree of physical protection for SOC increased and SOC became more stable over the successive rotations. The degradation of SOC quality in successive rotation soils may be attributed to worse environmental conditions resulted from disturbance that related to “slash and burn” site preparation. Being highly correlated with soil microbial properties, the cellulose/total carbohydrates ratio as an e ective indicator of changes in availability of SOC to microbial biomass brought by management practices in forest soils.     

Fractal analysis of polyferric chloride-humic acid （PFC-HA） flocs in different topological spaces

The fractal dimensions in different topological spaces of polyferric chloride-humic acid (PFC-HA) flocs, formed in flocculating different kinds of humic acids (HA) water with different initial pH (9.00, 7.00, 5.00) and PFC dosages, were calculated by effective density-maximum diameter, image analysis, and N2 absorption-desorption methods, respectively. The mass fractal dimensions (Df) of PFC-HA flocs, being more than 2.0, calculated by bi-logarithm relation of effective density-maximum diameter and Logan empirical formula at initial pH of 7.00 had 11-13 percentage greater than those at pH 9.00 and 5.00, indicating the most compact flocs formed in flocculated HA water at initial pH of 7.00. The image analysis for those flocs indicates that after flocculating the HA water at initial pH greater than 7.00 with PFC flocculant, the fractal dimensions of D2 (logA vs. logdL) and D3 (logVsphere vs. logdL) of PFC-HA flocs decreased with the increase of PFC dosages, and PFC-HA flocs showed a gradually looser structure. At the optimum dosage of PFC, the D2 (logA vs. logdL) values of the flocs show 14%--43% difference with their corresponding Df, and they even had different tendency as the change of initial pH values. However, the D2 values of the flocs formed at three different initial pH in HA solution, calculated from the horizontal projected images with magnification about 9, had a same tendency with the corresponding Df. Based on fractal Frenkel-Halsey-Hill (FHH) adsorption and desorption equations, the pore surface fractal dimensions (Ds) for dried powders of PFC-HA flocs formed in HA water with initial pH 9.00 and 7.00 were all close to 2.9421, and the Ds values of flocs formed at initial pH 5.00 were less than 2.3746. It indicated that the pore surface fractal dimensions of PFC-HA flocs dried powder mainly show the irregularity from the mesopore-size distribution and some marcopore-size distribution.     

短臂型空气阴极微生物燃料电池产电特性研究

用夹子将质子交换膜和载铂量为0.2 mg/cm2碳纸固定在阳极室的短臂端口构成短臂型空气阴极微生物燃料电池.利用污泥电池从厌氧消化污泥中富集产电菌于石墨棒表面,循环伏安法检测发现这些微生物具有电化学活性.将富集好的石墨棒作为阳极用于短臂型空气阴极微生物燃料电池,以醋酸钠为底物时该电池的最大功率密度为738 mW/m2,内阻为280Ω,开路电压为741 mV.连续向阳极室通氮气和去掉质子交换膜可分别将电池的最大功率密度提高到745 mW/m2和759 mW/m2,当两者同时作用时最大功率密度可达到922 mW/m2,而这3种条件下电池的内阻仍保持在280Ω左右.当底物浓度在12.62~100.96 mg/L、外电阻为510Ω时,电池的最大输出电压和底物浓度之间存在明显的线性关系(R2=0.99).当底物浓度高于100.96 mg/L时,电池的最大输出电压不再增大并保持在302 mV(外电阻为510Ω).然而,电池的库仑效率则随着底物浓度的提高而提高,从31.83%逐渐增大到45.03%.     

单室型微生物燃料电池处理黄姜废水的性能研究

以黄姜废水为底物,采用单室型微生物燃料电池,验证了MFC处理黄姜废水的可行性,研究了进水COD和SO42-浓度对产电性能的影响.控制电导率和COD等条件一致,黄姜废水最大功率密度为葡萄糖配水的80.3%.低COD浓度条件下MFC产电稳定,功率密度随COD浓度上升而提高,最高为322 mW/m2;当COD提高至2766 mg/L以上时,MFC稳定产电的时长缩短且更新基质后无法恢复最佳产电水平,表明过高的COD负荷会抑制产电微生物活性.COD最终去除率在68.2%~84.8%之间,且随着初始浓度的提高去除率有所下降.进水SO42-浓度的提高使MFC输出功率密度增大,但当SO42-浓度>7 716 mg/L(电导率>8.19 mS/cm)时,继续提高SO42-浓度无法使功率密度增大.与沉淀SO42-后的废水比较,含硫原水的最大功率密度平均下降14.5%,其库仑效率也随SO42-浓度提高明显下降,表明存在SO42-作为电子受体被还原,降低了MFC的效率.     

沉淀池的数值模拟

运用计算流体力学软件FLUENT模拟了平流式沉淀池在不同进水口高度,进水挡板位置,颗粒密度和圆弧形扰流板位置下的流场、悬浮物的浓度场。从模拟结果的分析比较可以看出,在一定范围内改变沉淀池的进水口高度,对沉淀池的去除效果没有影响。挡板的淹没深度和颗粒的密度则对悬浮物的去除效率影响较大。挡板的水平位置只在一定范围内变化才能使沉淀池保持较为理想的去除效率。圆弧形扰流板的加设可以改变沉淀池内流态不均的现象,从而提高沉淀池的运行效率。     

广州森林碳储量时空演变及异质性分析

利用1990年、1997年和2004年3个时相的Landsat TM数据,基于CART分析算法,提取广州森林分类信息.利用样方调查与同期TM数据的光谱响应数据,分别建立了阔叶林、针叶林、园地的逐步回归模型,计算了广州森林碳储量,绘制了碳密度分布图.结果表明,广州森林覆盖率1997年比1990年显著增加,而2004年比1997年略有减少.3个时期广州森林碳储量、碳密度分别为5.93×106t、7.07×106t、7.64×106t与22.1t·hm-2、22.7t·hm-2、24.7t·hm-2,均呈上升趋势.3个时期均有40%以上的森林碳密度低于25 t·hm-2,80%以上森林碳密度低于50t·hm-2;但总体趋势是低碳密度森林比重减少,高碳密度森林比重增加,森林碳密度结构朝良性发展.在广州碳储量估算的基础上,计算Moran I系数与Geary C系数,表明研究区森林碳密度3个时期都存在正的自相关性,且分布格局由随机离散分布趋向于聚集分布.进一步利用半变异函数,对碳密度分布格局异质性进行分析,表明3个时期森林碳密度的空间分布格局异质性差异不大,1997年略强于其它时期;空间结构上均属于高度相关;空间自相关因素是森林碳密度空间异质性的主要因素;从1990～2004年,相关尺度增加,引起空间异质性的随机因素所占比重减少,自相关因素所占比重增加.     

辽东湾北部海域大型底栖动物研究:Ⅰ.种类组成与数量分布

于2007年7月下旬在辽东湾进行了29个站位的大型底栖动物调查,共发现大型底栖生物79种;其中包括多毛类18科24种,甲壳动物15科19种,软体动物13科24种,棘皮动物4科6种,其他类群5种.整个调查区内大型底栖动物的优势现象不明显,优势度指数大于1%的物种仅有5种,分别为光滑河篮蛤、日本倍棘蛇尾、日本浪漂水虱、纽虫和西格织纹螺.调查区内底栖动物种类数、栖息密度以及生物量的高值区与低值区呈斑块状互相嵌套.大型底柄动物的平均栖息密度为68.28 m-2,平均生物量为22.75 g/m2;其中软体动物的平均栖息密度为30.52 m-2,生物量为6.92 g/m2;多毛类的平均栖息密度为14.48m-2,生物量为4.15g/m2;甲壳类的平均栖息密度为12.76 m-2,生物量为1.86g/m2;棘皮动物平均栖息密度为6.38 m-2,生物量为8.64 g/m2.1959年渤海各分区大型底栖动物的平均牛物量为10.29～12.83 g/m2.与其相比,除莱州湾外,目前各分区的平均生物量(16.45～22.75 g/m2)均显著升高,变化幅度有所增大.     

电絮凝-微滤技术应用于给水处理的实验研究

利用电絮凝-微滤法进行了给水处理的实验研究,探讨了电流密度、电解时间和pH值等因素,对源水中的TOC、氨氮、油类的去除的影响。结果表明,增大电流密度有利于上述污染物的去除,TOC和氨氮的去除率随pH升高而增加,pH变化对油类的去除率影响较小。