我国城市固体废物处理情况及温室气体减排启示

对我国城市固体废物(MSW)清运量、无害化处理量、卫生填埋量和场所、焚烧量和堆肥量的变化进行了趋势分析、相关性分析以及时空分布分析;并且对联合国气候变化框架公约(UNFCCC)官方网站公布的《京都议定书》中附件1国家温室气体的排放数据进行了统计分析. 结果表明:我国城市固体废物清运量和卫生填埋量很大并逐年增加;城市固体废物卫生填埋处理厌氧消化产生的温室气体随着填埋量以及标准卫生填埋场所的变化而变化;从发达国家各领域的温室气体排放情况来看,废物领域的减排潜力很大,尤其是城市固体废物卫生填埋处理,这对我国开展城市固体废物卫生填埋处理温室气体减排有一定启示.      

用稳健统计法处理方法标准验证实验中方法检出限数据

方法检出限是分析方法基本性能参数之一。根据《环境监测分析方法标准制修订技术导则》(HJ 168—2010)的要求,此参数需要6家以上实验室基于特定样品测试数据的标准偏差得到。目前,标准文本大多采用各家实验室方法检出限中最大值。研究提出用稳健统计法处理方法验证数据,无需识别和删去离群值,可将离群值的影响降到最小。基于4组公开发表数据和2组实测数据,比较了不同方法计算结果。结果表明:参与统计的3组数据29个检测项目中,常规方法确认的方法检出限被判为离群值占27.6%。取最大值存在数值偏高的风险。提出了用曼德尔k检验法识别1组方法检出限数据中的离群值,该方法同样可以用于实验室数据与标准文本中方法检出限符合性判断。     

基于SWOT分析的我国环境统计持证上岗制度发展对策

我国环境统计数据质量不高、质量保障体系缺乏、数据综合分析不足等问题都与环境统计人才队伍的规模、稳定性和综合素质密切相关。文章从环境统计持证上岗制度内部条件的规范化管理,到外部环境制度的推行等方面进行了SWOT分析。制定了以加强环境统计岗位管理、设置获取证书的缓冲期限、建立激励配套机制和完善培训考核机制4条途径为核心的环境统计持证上岗制度综合发展策略,对提高环境统计人员的综合素质,实现环境统计体系的制度化和规范化均具有良好的促进作用。     

NOx排放统计方法综述

随着大气中NOx污染日益加重,"十一五"期间,我国拟将NOx纳入环境统计范围.通过广泛调研国内外文献,总结和分析了我国NOx排放量统计的研究现状,同时提出了相关建议.     

浅论环境统计中数据的审核方法

提高环境统计数据的质量,做好统计工作的关键是加强数据审核,严把质量关。数据审核方法有许多种,文章从环境统计工作的重要性从发,将环境统计工作中常用且行之有效的数据审核方法进行总结,有借鉴意义。     

农村生活污染开展环境统计的思考

污染源排放数据是各项环境管理的关键基础和重要依据,目前,环保部门对除农村生活污染以外的其他污染源排放数据已基本摸清。在"三农"发展的同时,农村环境保护已被提上国家日程,日前国务院下发了《关于加强环境保护重点工作的意见》,要求开展农村环境统计,环境统计主管部门也在考虑"十二五"期间将农村生活污染纳入环境统计的可能性。鉴于农村生活污染的特点,开展环境统计尚存在较多难点。因此,分析农村生活污染的特点,思考将其纳入环境统计的可行性和操作性,对健全环境统计体系、改善农村环境质量、全方位掌控和监管各类污染源排放,具有高度的前瞻性和重要性。     

场地污染监测预警与决策一体化系统的设计与实现

通过分析我国相关场地污染现状和需求，设计了场地污染监测预警与决策一体化系统，利用物联网设备实时监测采集污染数据，并通过数据传输技术SignalR进行数据传输，再使用三维地理框架Cesium反映监测区域的污染情况，保证对污染处理响应的实时性和高效性，指出三维虚拟地理技术与大数据、物联网技术结合是系统的发展方向。     

Safety performance measurement in collectivized oil companies in China: Contribution of leading indicators to lagging indicators

With the collectivization of the Chinese oil industry, oil companies have been expanding in size. However, the intensified differences in the safety performance of subsidiaries have severely hindered the collaborative management of the headquarters. Understanding the safety status of each member is urgent for parent companies and their subsidiaries to identify gaps and make improvements. A unified set of safety performance indicators and a practical measurement tool are essential for the Chinese oil industry. Hence, this study identified a set of safety performance indicators encompassing both leading and lagging indicators using data envelopment analysis (DEA) and entropy weight method (EWM) to reveal the critical factors affecting the safety performance of the oil industry. A total of 300 front-line workers from eight subsidiaries of an oil company participated in the survey. The identified indicators were preliminarily weighted using EWM. Then, DEA was employed to measure the safety performance of the eight subsidiaries, demonstrating that management commitment was the most crucial factor in distinguishing safety performance; safety culture was more differentiated than risk management. Safety performance was not entirely positively correlated with safety investments, but the reasonable allocation of safety resources played a vital role. In addition, the weaknesses in each subsidiary's safety management were identified, and the quantitative effects of each leading indicator on safety performance were obtained.     

Efficiency evaluation for regional urban water use and wastewater decontamination systems in China: A DEA approach

Rapid economic growth and urbanization in China have resulted in great water consumption in recent years. China has been facing increasingly severe water shortage crisis, especially in urban areas. This paper focuses on performance analysis for regional urban water use and wastewater decontamination systems in China. To this end, a DEA-based approach is developed. In the proposed approach, the efficiency of the system is decomposed into water use efficiency and wastewater decontamination efficiency. In the wastewater decontamination sub-system, the purified wastewater (reusable water) is treated as a desirable output; while in the water use sub-system, it is incorporated as a fixed input, which cannot be decreased in the process of efficiency optimization. The efficiency of the system is defined as the average of the two sub-systems’ efficiencies. The proposed approach can find inefficiencies caused by the internal factors between sub-systems, which cannot be identified using the traditional DEA approaches. We finally apply the proposed approach to analyze the efficiencies of regional urban water use and wastewater decontamination systems in China. Based on the application results, some findings and implications for efficiency improvement of urban water management in China are achieved.