Dissolution of beryllium in artificial lung alveolar macrophage phagolysosomal fluid

Dissolution of a lung burden of poorly soluble beryllium particles is hypothesized to be necessary for development of chronic beryllium lung disease (CBD) in humans. As such, particle dissolution rate must be sufficient to activate the lung immune response and dissolution lifetime sufficient to maintain chronic inflammation for months to years to support development of disease. The purpose of this research was to investigate the hypothesis that poorly soluble beryllium compounds release ions via dissolution in lung fluid. Dissolution kinetics of 17 poorly soluble particulate beryllium materials that span extraction through ceramics machining (ores, hydroxide, metal, copper-beryllium [CuBe] fume, oxides) and three CuBe alloy reference materials (chips, solid block) were measured over 31 d using artificial lung alveolar macrophage phagolysosomal fluid (pH 4.5). Differences in beryllium-containing particle physicochemical properties translated into differences in dissolution rates and lifetimes in artificial phagolysosomal fluid. Among all materials, dissolution rate constant values ranged from 10⁻⁵ to 10⁻¹⁰ g cm⁻² d⁻¹ and half-times ranged from tens to thousands of days. The presence of magnesium trisilicate in some beryllium oxide materials may have slowed dissolution rates. Materials associated with elevated prevalence of CBD had faster beryllium dissolution rates [10⁻⁷-10⁻⁸ g cm⁻² d⁻¹] than materials not associated with elevated prevalence (p < 0.05).     

超细化学纤维填料用于净化含油循环冷却水研究

研究了一种高比表面积化学纤维填料对泄漏于工业循环冷却水中机油的循环吸附效果.讨论了填料静态饱和吸附量和循环饱和吸附量的差别;考察了水中分散(或乳化)油的初始浓度、运行温度及pH值变化的条件下填料对循环吸附量和循环吸附能力的影响;比较了吸附前后填料的表面水接触角变化.实验结果表明,填料的循环饱和吸附量约是静态饱和吸附量的...     

石油天然气长输管道危险性分析

基于四川省天然气长输管道事故的统计资料(即1969—1990年间发生的155次事故),结合1990年以后,直至1998年四川发生的管道事故,对油气长输管道所面临的各种可能的危险因素进行综合分析,找出油气长输管道事故诱因主要来自管道腐蚀、材料缺陷、设计和施工质量、不良环境条件和第三方破坏。进而分别探讨四大危险性因素对管道安全运行的影响,并从理论和工程角度提出了预防和控制油气长输管道事故的对策和建议。     

环境友好材料在化工园区建设中的作用

建立化学工业园区是世界化学工业发展的主要趋势,而整合化工园区内的物质流则成为世界化学工业园区化发展的基本立足点。介绍了环境友好材料理念的内涵;阐述了环境友好材料理念在化工园区规划中的作用,包括环境友好材料理念在单一化工工艺流程中、企业层面和园区层面的运用;并以福建化工园区建设为例,构建环境友好化工的产业链条。     

Evaluation method of automobile recycling systems for Asia considering international material cycles: application to Japan and Thailand

To examine an appropriate recycling system for end-of-life vehicles (ELVs) from Japan in the context of Asia, an Asian international automobile recycling input-output (AI-ARIO) analysis is presented. The AI-ARIO analysis spatially expands the existing ARIO analysis within the framework of the waste input-output (WIO) analysis developed by Nakamura et al., which considers the interdependence between the flow of goods and wastes in a country. This analysis focuses on the local and global cycles for ELVs in Asia and can evaluate the environmental and economic effects of alternative recycling systems. We estimated the AI-ARIO table for Japan and Thailand and applied it to scenario analyses covering the restriction of ELV trade between the two countries, the introduction of new recycling techniques in Thailand, and centralized treatment in Japan. We verified the applicability and effectiveness of the AI-ARIO analysis through the scenario analyses.     

Use of an activated carbon from antibiotic waste for the removal of Hg(II) from aqueous solution

Porous carbon has been prepared from waste antibiotic material by a chemical activation method using K(2)CO(3) as an activating reagent. Carbon was studied systematically by the adsorption of nitrogen and iodine. It was found that the process parameters such as activation temperature and activation time are crucial for preparing high-quality activated carbon. The proper choice of the preparation conditions allows to produce microporous activated carbon with a micropore volume up to 0.492 cm(3)/g and a BET surface area of 1260 m(2)/g. Adsorption of mercury(II) from an aqueous solution on antibiotic carbon was investigated under the varying conditions of agitation time, metal ion concentration and pH. The adsorption capacity of the carbon is 129 mg/g.     

氨基磺酸溶液浸出废锂离子电池负极活性材料中的锂

随着锂离子电池的广泛应用,产生了大量废锂离子电池,其负极活性材料中积累了高品位的锂。锂作为一种稀有金属,对其进行回收利用很有意义。选取了无毒、稳定性好的氨基磺酸作为浸出剂,浸取废锂离子电池负极活性材料中的锂,考察了预处理方式对负极活性材料成分和结构的影响以及浸出条件对锂浸出率的影响。结果表明:600℃下煅烧4 h,可完全去除附着在负极活性材料表面的有机物;在氨基磺酸浓度0.75 mol/L、固液比5 g/L、浸出温度40℃、浸出时间45 min的最佳浸出条件下,负极活性材料中锂浸出率达97.2%。     

超疏水材料的制备及其去除水中污染物性能的研究进展

综述了金属基超疏水材料和聚合物基超疏水材料的制备及其去除水中污染物性能的研究进展,并从污水处理的角度展望了超疏水材料的发展方向。指出,超疏水材料在污水处理领域中的发展方向主要为：低成本、高效能且环境友好的超疏水材料及其制备工艺的开发;持久（永久）性超疏水净水材料的制备;超疏水材料对水中有毒金属离子的去除及其机理研究;超疏水材料水中抑菌性的深入研究及其应用;超疏水材料对水中药物和个人护理品（PPCPs）以及纳米污染物的去除。     

Effect of PCM on temperature fluctuation during the door opening of a household refrigerator

Temperature fluctuation inside the cabinet of a household refrigerator significantly affects the quality of preserved food. Phase change material (PCM) is a latent heat storage system that can store and release the heat energy by changing its phase from liquid to solid and solid to liquid respectively. Therefore, use of PCM inside the refrigerator cabinet has the potential for minimizing the temperature fluctuation during the door opening and the power failure. However, very few studies in the literature were dedicated to investigating the role of PCM to reduce the temperature fluctuation. The aim of this work is to experimentally investigate the effects of PCM on temperature fluctuation inside the cabinet of a household refrigerator during the door opening and power failure. The results found that a significantly lower temperature fluctuation can be obtained using PCM. It was found that during the door opening condition the air temperature in the cabinet rose rapidly. However, when a PCM container was used, temperature variation was reduced to 3–5°C. During the power failure, the system with PCM maintained a lower temperature inside the storage chamber for a long period of time (about 2 hours). Moreover, the test results indicate that PCM maintains more stable temperature in the foodstuffs inside the refrigerator. This reduction of temperature fluctuation ultimately improves the quality of preserved food.     

Water Footprint of 65 Mid‐ to Large‐Sized U.S. Cities and Their Metropolitan Areas

Conventional indicators of water use for urban areas account primarily for direct water use. In contrast, our objective here is to employ the water footprint (WF) concept and methodology to include the virtual or indirect water use to assess the production‐side and consumption‐side WF of 65 United States (U.S.) cities. The 65 cities include the largest metropolitan areas and some of the major mid‐sized cities in the U.S. We use metropolitan areas to define our city boundaries as this is the native spatial resolution of the main datasets used. To estimate the urban WFs, we integrated large and disparate datasets, including commodity flow (agricultural, livestock, and industrial commodities), water use, and socioeconomic data. By analyzing the estimated WF values, we found indirect water use accounts on average for 66% of the WF of consumption. We found some cities are net virtual water exporters (11 of 65) because they rely heavily on direct water uses or are heavy producers of industrial commodities. Also, WF patterns vary widely across the U.S. but regional patterns seem to emerge. For example, the dense cities of the U.S. northeast megaregion have a significantly low per capita WF relative to the other cities, while cities in the Gulf Coast megaregion have a significantly higher industrial WF of production and consumption. Furthermore, there is inequality in the WF of consumption where a few cities account for a disproportionate share of the total U.S. urban water uses.