The role of design issues in work-related fatal injury in Australia

PROBLEM: This study aimed to provide an assessment of the contribution of design to the occurrence of fatal work-related injuries in Australia. METHODS: The Australian National Coroners' Information System was the data source for fatal injuries. Deaths resulting from workplace injuries on or between 1 July 2000 and 30 June 2002 were included. RESULTS: Seventy seven (37%) of the 210 identified workplace fatalities definitely or probably had design-related issues involved. In another 29 (14%), the circumstances were suggestive that design issues were involved. The most common scenarios involved problems with rollover protective structures and/or associated seat belts; inadequate guarding; lack of residual current devices; inadequate fall protection; failed hydraulic lifting systems in vehicles and mobile equipment; and inadequate protection mechanisms on mobile plant and vehicles. SUMMARY: Design is a significant contributor to work-related fatal injury in Australia. There is considerable scope for preventing serious work-related injury through improving design of plant, equipment, and vehicles used for work-related purposes.     

National Prevention through Design (PtD) Initiative

INTRODUCTION: The most effective means of preventing and controlling occupational injuries, illness, and fatalities is to "design out" hazards and hazardous exposures from the workplace. There is a long history of designing for safety for the general public and to a lesser degree for workers. METHOD: We now have the experience and insight from thoughtful, previous efforts to call for a comprehensive national strategy to implement a Prevention through Design (PtD) Initiative. RESULTS: This paper describes that initiative in terms of four overarching areas where action can be directed: practice, policy, research, and education. To obtain stakeholder input for issues in these four areas and to focus implementation efforts, eight sector divisions of the economy will be addressed. A seven year strategy is envisioned.     

Sustainability of wastewater treatment technologies

A set of indicators that incorporate environmental, societal, and economic sustainability were developed and used to investigate the sustainability of different wastewater treatment technologies, for plant capacities of <5 million gallons per day (MGD) or 18.9 x 10(3) cubic meters (m(3)/day). The technologies evaluated were mechanical (i.e., activated sludge with secondary treatment), lagoon (facultative, anaerobic, and aerobic), and land treatment systems (e.g., slow rate irrigation, rapid infiltration, and overland flow). The economic indicators selected were capital, operation and management, and user costs because they determine the economic affordability of a particular technology to a community. Environmental indicators include energy use, because it indirectly measures resource utilization, and performance of the technology in removing conventional wastewater constituents such as biochemical oxygen demand, ammonia nitrogen, phosphorus, and pathogens. These indicators also determine the reuse potential of the treated wastewater. Societal indicators capture cultural acceptance of the technology through public participation and also measure whether there is improvement in the community from the specific technology through increased job opportunities, better education, or an improved local environment. While selection of a set of indicators is dependent on the geographic and demographic context of a particular community, the overall results of this study show that there are varying degrees of sustainability with each treatment technology.     

用射流装置消除大型泵机组的汽蚀振动

一大型石化工程中乙烯乙二醇装置用碳酸盐泵投料运行后,泵机组和进出口管线就发生异常的噪声与振动现象,严重影响到生产安全和作业环境。笔者分析了异常噪声、振动的原因,认为是由于泵发生汽蚀所致;提出了在泵进口管线增设射流装置的措施,将泵自身出口的一部分高压液体引入到射流装置,并与来自储罐的液体混合,增加液体压头后提供给泵进口,以提高装置的有效汽蚀余量,消除大型泵机组由于汽蚀引起的噪声、振动;研讨了射流装置的设计参数和结构设计。通过增设射流装置的技术的措施,有效地解决了泵机组及进出口管线的异常噪声、振动问题,消除了化工系统的安全生产隐患。该技术措施还可以用于电厂等有类似问题的其他装置,有广泛的实用价值。     

经济开发区生态规划与建设研究的几个问题

生态规划和生态建设是协调经济发展和生态环境关系,创造人与环境相和谐的人工化环境的重要调控对策.本文研究了沈阳开发区生态规划与建设中的理论、方法,着重探讨了开发区经济、环境协调发展的途径.其主要是:①选择理想的协调发展优化方案.②发展集中供热和低能耗的高技术产业.③节约水资源,提高水循环利用率.④在生态学原理指导下进行生态管理.     

Safety lessons and reflections following incinerator vent commissioning in a chemical plant; a case study of a complex socio-technical system

In a bulk chemical plant producing resins, a flashback from an incinerator through the vent system into the reactor hall occurred during commissioning of a newly installed vent header system. The original design of the vent header system was seriously flawed not being in line with current practice. Subsequently the vent header was re-designed into a rich/lean vent header system. This paper explores the reasons behind a number of incidents and near misses that occurred during both the commissioning of a vent header system and its recommissioning following system re-design. Furthermore, it reflects on some broader implications for approaches to safety around what can be recognised as complex socio-technical systems.     

大庆油田污水处理场设计与运行分析

介绍了大庆油田污水处理场的设计与运行情况，对出现的问题进行了分析，并就污水处理场的正常运行提出了改进措施。     

绿色设计是现代制造业可持续发展的模式

绿色设计是一种面向可持续发展的新发展的新制造模式，本文叙述绿色设计的基本思想及其关键技术，讨论绿色设计的评价体系和基本方法，并提出推行绿色技术的主要措施。     

Comparison studies of adsorption properties of MgO nanoparticles and ZnO–MgO nanocomposites for linezolid antibiotic removal from aqueous solution using response surface methodology

In this investigation, the adsorption measure of linezolid antibiotic onto MgO nanoparticles and ZnO–MgO nanocomposites were performed. The adsorbents were characterized by different techniques such as XRD, SEM, TEM and BET. The parameters influence such as the pH, adsorbent dosage and temperature was tested and evaluated by Box–Behnken Design combined with response surface methodology. Performing adsorption tests at optimal conditions set as 0.5 g L⁻¹ of adsorbent, pH 10 and 308 K make admit to obtain high adsorption turnover (123.45 and 140.28 mg g⁻¹ for MgO nanoparticles and ZnO–MgO nanocomposites, respectively). A good compromise between predicted and experimental data in this research was observed. The experimental equilibrium data fitting to Langmuir, Freundlich, Tempkin and Dubinin–Radushkevich models indicate that the Langmuir model is a best model for evaluation of adsorption behavior. Kinetic evaluation of experimental data indicated that the adsorption operations followed well pseudo-second-order models. The adsorption capacity of ZnO–MgO nanocomposites is higher than MgO nanoparticles that because of the ZnO–MgO nanocomposites have high specific surface area.     

冷挤压双层组合凹模的最佳设计

此文应用厚壁圆筒弹性解,推导了冷挤压双层组合凹模,具有最大弹性极限时所能承受的最大挤压应力的计算公式,以及满足上述条件时双层组合凹模分界面半径和分界面过盈量的计算公式.利用上述各式,可使组合凹模获得最佳设计.