淀山湖浮游动物群落时空分布特征及其与环境因子的关系

淀山湖是上海市最大的淡水湖泊,属亚热带浅水湖泊.于2017年对该湖的浮游动物和水质参数进行逐月调查,并结合浮游植物群落数据,采用多元回归树模型(multivariate regression trees,MRT)和主坐标分析(principal coordinates analysis,PCo A)等方法研究了该湖浮游动物群落结构时空分布特征及其与环境因子的关系.结果表明,淀山湖浮游动物群落结构季节差异显著(P 0. 05),但仅在春、夏季节存在空间差异(P 0. 05),其他季节空间差异不显著(P 0. 05).水温、叶绿素a、氨氮以及蓝藻丰度是引起淀山湖浮游动物群落时空变化的关键性因子. MRT分析表明,当水温13. 07℃时,表现为冬季群落特征,当水温在13. 07～19. 57℃之间时,表现为春季群落特征;当水温≥19. 57℃时,叶绿素a浓度≥9. 03μg·L-1,则为夏季群落特征,而当叶绿素a浓度9. 03μg·L-1时,则表现为秋季群落特征.聚类分析将淀山湖浮游动物群落分成3个空间区域;春季时,当氨氮浓度1. 11 mg·L-1时,上游进水区(区域Ⅱ)浮游动物群落与其他两个区域有显著差异(P 0. 05);而夏季当蓝藻生物量≥2. 58 mg·L-1时,区域Ⅰ的浮游动物群落与其他两个区域有显著的空间差异(P 0. 05).     

太湖草型湖区沉积物中生物易降解物质组成与分布规律

为研究富营养化条件下草型湖区水生植物碎屑快速沉积对沉积物中有机质组成及营养状态的影响,选取太湖胥口湾为研究区,采集沉积物柱状样,探究沉积物中色素、碳、氮、磷及生物易降解物质的组成和分布规律.结果表明,胥口湾沉积物中色素、碳、氮、磷及生物易降解物质整体表现为表层富集特征,主要集中在沉积物表层15 cm;沉积物中氮负荷高于磷负荷,且存在显著的空间差异性;沉积物TN含量在127. 2～2 092. 8 mg·kg~(-1),沉积物TP含量在222. 1～528. 4 mg·kg~(-1),水生植物分布区(1 033. 6 mg·kg~(-1))氮负荷显著高于无植被区(325. 2 mg·kg~(-1)).沉积物中生物易降解物质以糖类(3. 7 mg·g-1)为主,其次是脂类(2. 8 mg·g-1)和蛋白质(2. 3 mg·g-1);水生植物碎屑残体是沉积物中营养盐和易降解有机质的主要来源,水生植物分布区沉积物中色素、碳、氮、磷及生物易降解有机质含量均显著高于无植被区(P 0. 01);胥口湾沉积物逐渐由中营养状态向富营养状态过渡,整体已经趋向于富营养化状态,在今后的湖泊管理和调控过程中需予以关注.     

草型湖区沉积物营养盐分布与污染评价

为阐明太湖草型湖区表层沉积物营养盐的空间分布及其污染特征,测定了胥口湾60个表层沉积物样中的总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、碱解氮(AN)、有效磷(AP)和有机质(OM)的含量,分析其污染水平与来源.结果表明,胥口湾表层沉积物中TN、TP、AN、AP和OM平均含量分别为1 027. 5、423. 2、46. 4、15. 3和17 096. 6 mg·kg-1,且在空间分布上均呈现出胥口湾东北部湖区高于其他湖区的特点.胥口湾表层沉积物中TN和TP单项评价指数(STN和STP)平均值分别为1. 75和0. 91,表明TN和TP分别处于中度和轻度污染状态;综合污染指数(FF)的平均值为1. 57,整体上处于中度污染状态.在有机指数和有机氮评价中,整体上处于清洁状态. C/N比值表明胥口湾表层沉积物中生物沉积的有机质主要来源为无纤维束植物和浮游植物.相关性分析表明,胥口湾表层沉积物中有机质与总氮具有同源性,但与总磷不具有同源性.     

大型浅水湖泊磷模型参数不确定性及敏感性分析

以太湖作为大型浅水湖泊的代表,以EFDC模型为基础建立关于磷的沉积成岩模型,运用拉丁超立方抽样方法、普适似然不确定性分析方法和区域敏感性分析方法,对成岩模块中与磷迁移转化有关的16个参数进行敏感性分析.结果表明,太湖全湖区磷酸盐和总磷的时间空间分布都极不均匀,成岩模块参数的不确定性在磷酸盐和总磷的模拟方面都存在强烈影响.以上覆水磷酸盐为输出目标,"沉积物-水"界面遭受的风浪扰动在水深相对更浅的湖区更为直接,湖湾区水的流通性较差,利于沉积物中溶解态磷释放.以上覆水总磷为输出目标,湖心区颗粒态磷和溶解态有机磷的质量浓度受成岩模块参数不确定性的影响较大.敏感参数主要是动力特性与和氧相关的两类参数.对于大型浅水湖泊,底泥沉积成岩模块敏感参数的重要性不弱于水动力、水质模块,针对不同水质、底泥分布的水域,模拟磷元素时应注重敏感参数的取值率定.     

艾比湖流域气溶胶光学厚度时空演变及影响因素

气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)描述了气溶胶对光的衰减作用,并在一定程度上反映区域大气污染程度.本研究以2000年～2015年长时间序列MOD09A1数据为本底,在生成查找表的基础上,采用深蓝算法(DB)对艾比湖流域2000年～2015年Landsat TM/ETM+/OLI数据进行AOD遥感估算,分析艾比湖流域AOD时空变化特征,结合环境变量选用随机森林模型(RF)对AOD进行预测及因子贡献度排序.结果表明:①艾比湖流域AOD呈现显著的季节性变化特征,AOD值春季(0. 414)夏季(0. 390)秋季(0. 287),其中春季变化幅度最大.②艾比湖流域平均AOD为0. 374,年际变化整体表现为上升趋势,但在2010～2015年间AOD增加较快,年际增幅达到32. 32%,表明该流域近15年间的大气污染不断加剧,近5年尤甚.③艾比湖流域AOD空间分布从艾比湖北部到南部呈阶梯式上升变化,其中,精河县污染最为突显,AOD值达到0. 483.④RF模型对AOD的预测效果较好,R~2=0. 866,RMSE=0. 042,其中蒸散发对艾比湖流域AOD影响最为显著.     

Nutrients regeneration pathway, release potential, transformation pattern and algal utilization strategies jointly drove cyanobacterial growth and their succession

In order to better understand the contribution of nutrients regeneration pathway, release potential and transformation pattern to cyanobacterial growth and succession, 7 sampling sites in Lake Chaohu with different bloom degree were studied every two months from February to November 2018. The carbon, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) forms or fractions in surface, interstitial water and sediments as well as extracellular enzymatic activities, P sorption, specific microbial abundance and community composition in sediments were analyzed. P regeneration pathway was dominated by iron-bound P desorption and phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria solubilization in severe-bloom and slight-bloom area respectively, which both resulted in high soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) accumulation in interstitial water. However, in severe-bloom area, higher P release potential caused the strong P release and algal growth, compared to slight-bloom area. In spring, P limitation and N selective assimilation of Dolichospermum facilitated nitrate accumulation in surface water, which provided enough N source for the initiation of Microcystis bloom. In summer, the accumulated organic N in Dolichospermum cells during its bloom was re-mineralized as ammonium to replenish N source for the sustainable development of Microcystis bloom. Furthermore, SRP continuous release led to the replacement of Dolichospermum by Microcystis with the advantage of P quick utilization, transport and storage. Taken together, the succession from Dolichospermum to Microcystis was due to both the different forms of N and P in water column mediated by different regeneration and transformation pathways as well as release potential, and algal N and P utilization strategies.     

Selection of water source for water transfer based on algal growth potential to prevent algal blooms

Water transfer is becoming a popular method for solving the problems of water quality deterioration and water level drawdown in lakes. However, the principle of choosing water sources for water transfer projects has mainly been based on the effects on water quality, which neglects the influence in the variation of phytoplankton community and the risk of algal blooms. In this study, algal growth potential (AGP) test was applied to predict changes in the phytoplankton community caused by water transfer projects. The feasibility of proposed water transfer sources (Baqing River and Jinsha River) was assessed through the changes in both water quality and phytoplankton community in Chenghai Lake, Southwest China. The results showed that the concentration of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) in Chenghai Lake could be decreased to 0.52 mg/L and 0.02 mg/L respectively with the simulated water transfer source of Jinsha River. The algal cell density could be reduced by 60%, and the phytoplankton community would become relatively stable with the Jinsha River water transfer project, and the dominant species of Anabaena cylindrica evolved into Anabaenopsis arnoldii due to the species competition. However, the risk of algal blooms would be increased after the Baqing River water transfer project even with the improved water quality. Algae gained faster proliferation with the same dominant species in water transfer source. Therefore, water transfer projects should be assessed from not only the variation of water quality but also the risk of algal blooms.     

扑草净水环境质量基准及风险评估

选择田间使用量大的扑草净为研究对象,分析了扑草净在南四湖流域地表水中的空间分布,推导了扑草净的水质基准,通过定性与定量风险评估方法评估了扑草净的生态风险.结果表明,南四湖流域28个地表水采样点中扑草净浓度为0~667.7ng/L,平均值为69.2ng/L.搜集筛选了15种水生生物慢性毒性数据,利用物种敏感度分布法,推导出扑草净的水质基准为82.4ng/L.使用商值法评估南四湖流域生态风险,结果表明,扑草净生态风险最高区域位于NS09,主要来源是地表径流与雨水冲刷.采用联合概率曲线法进一步分析生态风险,发现南四湖水体中扑草净对1%~5%的水生生物产生危害的概率为11.2%~6.4%.总体来看,南四湖流域扑草净的生态环境风险处于较低水平.     

湖底陷阱捕获内污染技术在浅水湖泊的应用

基于研发的湖底陷阱捕获内污染技术,在巢湖进行应用研究.结果表明,湖底陷阱可有效收集叶绿素a、有机质、总氮和总磷等湖底沉积物中内源污染物.不同位置和季节湖底陷阱收集的沉积物厚度差异显著,西巢湖收集的污染物含量最多,湖心区域收集污染物量最少;夏秋季节淤积较快,冬春季节淤积略慢.单位面积（1m²）湖底陷阱年收集叶绿素a、有机质、总氮和总磷可分别达2.37~15.28g、8.96~21.82kg、0.78~1.88kg和0.30~0.93kg.综合考虑湖流场、风浪场、湖底污染物分布及厚度,巢湖湖体内沿湖流汇集区可布置6条11~33km的湖底陷阱,并在7个主要入河口布置湖底陷阱,同时可利用现有航道,进一步加深后形成湖底陷阱,可为巢湖内源控制提供新的治理手段和管理方法.     

三峡库区汉丰湖水体氮磷及化学计量比季节变化特征

在分析2017年3月至2018年2月汉丰湖水体氮磷营养盐质量浓度季节性变化的基础上,利用氮磷化学计量摩尔比评估水体氮磷养分限制状态.结果表明：湖体TN、DN和NO₃^--N平均质量浓度分别为1.60、1.25和0.91 mg·L^-1,三者季节变化过程相似,均呈现出冬季最高、夏季最低的特点.NO₃^--N对水体TN贡献较大,NH₄⁺-N和NO₂^--N质量浓度维持在较低水平且变化平稳.TP、DP和PO₄^3--P平均质量浓度分别为0.13、0.09和0.06 mg·L^-1,TP和DP质量浓度变化相似,呈春夏季升高,秋冬季先降低再升高的趋势,而PO₄^3--P质量浓度则波动降低.TN/TP范围在11.07~56.02之间,均值为29.23,TN/TP呈季节性波动变化,最高值出现在冬季,最低值出现在夏季.汉丰湖水体多数时间适宜藻类生长繁殖,少数时间处于N限制状态,极少数时间处于P限制状态.降雨径流、肥料使用、污水排放和水生生物活动等因素皆会影响TN/TP的季节变化,同时根据汉丰湖水质特征提出保护建议.