基于蒙特卡罗模拟的阿特拉津健康风险评价

为评估阿特拉津(ATR)对人体的健康风险,通过文献检索及追溯方式,收集了93篇文献中关于我国环境介质中ATR的检测数据,基于美国环保署健康风险评价方法,并运用蒙特卡罗模拟方法,评价了我国成年男性和女性ATR的健康风险,分析了各参数的敏感性和相关性。结果显示,我国成年男性和女性的非致癌健康风险熵值分别为4.53×10~(-2)和4.30×10~(-2),分别有89.8%的成年男性和89.9%的成年女性风险熵值低于0.10;饮用水中ATR的浓度对其健康风险的贡献(即敏感性)分别为男性88.0%和女性83.3%,与健康风险的关联性(R)分别为男性0.907和女性0.895。我国ATR的非致癌健康风险处于可接受水平,饮用水中ATR对其健康风险的贡献最大。该方法可为有毒有害物质的健康风险预警和精准控制提供方法学参考。     

Concentrations of U,U, U,Th, Th,Th, Ra,Ra, Ra,Po, Pb and Pb in drinking water in Italy: reconciling safety standards based on measurements of gross α and β

Some important naturally occurring α- and β-radionuclides in drinking water samples collected in Italy were determined and the radiological quality evaluated. The mean activity concentrations (mBq L⁻¹) of the radionuclides in the water samples were almost in the order: 26 ± 36 (²³⁴U) > 21 ± 30 (²³⁸U) > 8.9 ± 15 (²²⁶Ra) > 4.8 ± 6.3 (²²⁸Ra) > 4.0 ± 4.1 (²¹⁰Pb) > 3.2 ± 3.7 (²¹⁰Po) > 2.7 ± 1.2 (²¹²Pb) > 1.4 ± 1.8 (²²⁴Ra) > 1.1 ± 1.3 (²³⁵U) > 0.26 ± 0.39 (²²⁸Th) > 0.0023 ± 0.0009 (²³⁰Th) > 0.0013 ± 0.0006 (²³²Th). The mean estimated dose (μSv yr⁻¹) to an adult from the water intake was in this order: 2.8 ± 3.3 (²¹⁰Po) > 2.4 ± 3.2 (²²⁸Ra) > 2.1 ± 2.1 (²¹⁰Pb) > 1.8 ± 3.1 (²²⁶Ra) > 0.94 ± 1.30 (²³⁴U) > 0.70 ± 0.98 (²³⁸U) > 0.069 ± 0.087 (²²⁴Ra) > 0.036 ± 0.044 (²³⁵U) > 0.014 ± 0.021 (²²⁸Th) > 0.012 ± 0.005 (²¹²Pb) > 0.00035 ± 0.00029 (²³⁰Th) > 0.00022 ± 0.00009 (²³²Th). It is obvious that ²¹⁰Po, ²²⁸Ra, ²¹⁰Pb and ²²⁶Ra are the most important dose contributors in the drinking water intake. As far as the seventeen brands of analysed drinking water were concerned, the committed effective doses were in the range of 2.81–38.5 μSv yr⁻¹, all well below the reference level of the committed effective dose (100 μSv yr⁻¹) recommended by the WHO. These data throw some light on the scale of the radiological impact on the public from some naturally occurring radionuclides in drinking water, and can also serve as a comparison for the dose contribution from artificial radionuclides released to the environment as a result of human practices. Based on the radionuclide composition in the analysed waters, comment was made on the new screening level for gross α activity in guidelines for drinking-water quality recommended by the WHO, 2004.     

Potential for rainwater use in high-rise buildings in Australian cities

Rainwater is a traditional but underutilized water resource that has today had a resurgence due to the worldwide water crisis. This paper demonstrates the outcomes of research on the feasibility of rainwater use in high-rise residential envelopes for four Australian cities of Melbourne, Sydney, Perth and Darwin. Different climate patterns and various levels of water demand management were established for determination of storage dimensions; annual tank water use; reduction in both imported water flow and stormwater disposal; and water spillage from tanks. High level water demand management was a profoundly effective tool for reducing potable water supply, especially in combination with rainwater use. The economic feasibility of rainwater use systems were estimated; with Sydney having the shortest payback period compared to other cities either both with 3A rated appliances (8.6 years) or 5A ones installed (10.4 years). That was due to the higher and more consistent rainfall in Sydney. An outcome of this study was that Sydney was likely most suited to rainwater use, followed by Perth, Darwin, and then Melbourne. The objective of this study was to fill in the gap in estimating feasibility of rainwater use in various Australian cities. This investigation endeavors to provide assistance to water authorities and urban planners of Australian cities with the consideration of the potential of rainwater harvesting.     

消毒技术去除饮用水中病原微生物的研究进展

饮用水中存在着不同种类的病原微生物,这些病原微生物给人体健康带来危害。本文简要介绍常规消毒技术去除饮用水中病原微生物的研究现状;常规消毒剂仍然是现代饮用水处理工艺使用的主要消毒剂;近些年来,对常规消毒剂联合消毒的协同作用和联合消毒剂的概念提出了探讨,认为联合消毒荆是今后饮用水去除病原微生物的发展趋势;膜技术这种物理消毒技术,由于其高效性而得到广泛关注,膜消毒去除病原微生物也成为当今消毒技术研究的热点。     

饮用水中气味有机物来源及检测方法

介绍了饮用水中气味有机物的来源,简要综述国内对饮用水气味分析方法及气味有机物检测方法的研究发展概况,对于水质监测具有一定的参考价值。     

嘉陵江下游饮用水氟化物时空变异特征研究

饮用水中可溶性氟化物是公众摄入氟的主要途径,其含量水平影响人体健康.分别于2015～2017年的丰水期和枯水期6次随机采集监测了嘉陵江下游52个饮用水样中氟化物含量,并基于地理信息系统平台和健康风险指数法进行了评价.结果表明,该区域饮用水中氟化物浓度平均为0.20～0.25 mg/L.除2015年部分样点外,其余样点的...     

顶空气相色谱法测定饮水中氰化物

采用顶空气相色谱法，测定饮水中氰化物。对水样保存特殊性的影响，色谱柱的选择及实验条件进行研究。结果表明，CN^-浓度在1-18ug/l呈线性关系，最低检出限为0．35ug/l，高、中、低三浓度测定相对标准偏差分别为2．68％、6．69％、6．98％，回收率范围83．4-119．2％，满足卫生检验要求。是一种简便快速、实用性强的分析方法。     

饮用水消毒的若干技术问题探讨

对饮用水中余氯测定存在的问题、余氯与加氯量的关系、水中消毒剂残余量的控制等饮用水消毒所涉及的若干技术问题进行了试验研究和探讨。通过试验摸索出1种测定余氯的分光光度法,作为对目视比色法的修正。     

A critical review of on-site inorganic arsenic screening methods

Approximately 94 to 220 million people worldwide are at risk of drinking well water containing arsenic > 10 µg/L, the WHO guideline value. To identify non-compliant domestic wells, assess health risks and reduce exposure, accurate and rapid on-site inorganic arsenic screening methods are desirable because all domestic wells worldwide need to be tested. Here, the principles, advantages and limitations of commonly used colorimetry, electrochemistry, and biosensing methods are critically reviewed, with the performance compared with laboratory-based benchmark methods. Most commercial kits are based on the classic Gutzeit reaction. Despite being semi-quantitative, the more recent and more expensive products display improved and acceptable accuracy and shorter testing time (∼10 min). Carried out by trained professionals, electrochemical methods are also feasible for on-site analysis, although miniaturization is desirable yet challenging. Biosensing using whole bacterial cells or bio-engineered materials such as aptamers is promising, if incorporated with function specific nanomaterials and biomaterials. Since arsenic is frequently found as arsenite in reducing groundwater and subject to oxidation during sampling, transportation and storage, on-site separation and sample preservation are feasible but the specific methods should be chosen based on sample matrix and tested before use. To eliminate arsenic exposure among hundreds of millions of mostly rural residents worldwide, we call for concerted efforts in research community and regulatory authority to develop accurate, rapid, and affordable tests for on-site screening and monitoring of arsenic in drinking water. Access to affordable testing will benefit people who are socioeconomically disadvantaged.     

水源有机污染对饮用水质的影响研究

对松花江S水源地及H市饮用水进行连续监测,江水中定性检出的有机污染物,在饮用水中绝大多数都可以检出,说明水厂传统的常规处理工艺对于有机污染物去除率较低,致使一些有机污染物残留在饮用水中,对沿江居民健康产生危害.