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排序方式: 共有310条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
61.
近年来中国城市饮用水事件频发,威胁着城市饮用水安全,直接关系着公民的生命权和健康权.然而,中国有关城市饮用水的规定散见于相关法律、行政法规及环境、水利、卫生、建设等部门制定的规章中,还没有一部完整意义上的城市饮用水法.城市饮用水法历经四个历史阶段的发展,仍然只关注于城市饮用水某个阶段的发展.因此,城市饮用水法应加强城市饮用水各个阶段的管理,建立城市饮用水全过程控制法律制度. 相似文献
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Application of the health risk assessment of acetochlor in the development of water quality criteria
Wei An Chenhui Sang Kristian Marienlund Jensen Peter Borgen Sørensen Bin Zhang Min Yang 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2021,33(12):48-54
Acetochlor is a widely used herbicide in agricultural production. Studies have shown that acetochlor has obvious environmental hormone effects, and long-term exposure may pose a threat to human health. To quantify the hazards of acetochlor in drinking water, a health risk assessment of acetochlor was conducted in major cities of China based on the data of acetochlor residue concentrations in drinking water. The approach of the Species Sensitivity Distributions (SSD) method is used to extrapolate from animal testing data to reflect worst case human toxicity. Results show that hazard quotients related to acetochlor residues in drinking water for different age groups range from 1.94 × 10?4 to 6.13 × 10?4, so, there are no indication of human risk. Compared to the total estimated hazard quotient from oral intake of acetochlor, the chronic exposure imputed to acetochlor residues in drinking water in China accounts for 0.4%. This paper recommends 0.02 mg/L to be the maximum acetochlor residue concentration level in drinking water and source water criteria. 相似文献
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流域水资源开发与饮用水源地保护实例分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
随着工业化与城市化的发展,流域开发对水资源的需求总量与质量在不断提高。与此同时,工业废水、生活污水、禽畜养殖废水等排放量却在迅速增加,大量未经处理的污废水直接排入周围水体,造成水体利用功能下降,严重危及水资源安全。在潭江流域水资源调查中发现,目前潭江流域面临着流域发展对资源的需求增加与水质下降这一双重问题,流域饮用水源地优先保护与水资源持续利用已成为潭江流域开发研究的重要内容。通过对潭江流域水资源利用现状、特点与存在问题的分析,提出了相应水资源持续利用与饮用水源地保护的对策与措施。 相似文献
66.
Healthy watersheds provide valuable services to society, including the supply and purification of fresh water. Because these natural ecosystem services lie outside the traditional domain of commercial markets, they are undervalued and underprotected. With population and development pressures leading to the rapid modification of watershed lands, valuable hydrological services are being lost, which poses risks to the quality and cost of drinking water and the reliability of water supplies. Increasing the scale and scope of programmes to protect hydrological services requires policies that harmonize land uses in watersheds with the provision of these important natural services. This article summarizes key attributes of hydrological services and their economic benefits; presents a spectrum of institutional mechanisms for safeguarding those services; discusses programmes in Quito (Ecuador), Costa Rica and New York City; and offers some lessons learned and recommendations for achieving higher levels of watershed protection. 相似文献
67.
Presently in Australia there are no mandatory drinking water standards. Here we argue that the risk associated with drinking
water in Australia is of a dimension discernible to warrant mandatory regulations. The catchments that supply the major metropolitan
areas of Sydney and Adelaide, and the groundwater for the city of Perth have been seriously compromised by the encroachment
of development and activities. Melbourne in the past has generally relied on a closed catchment reservoir system; however,
population growth in the near future will sequester the full online operation of additional reservoirs, which have multiple
land use catchments. In addition to the current landscape circumstances, the management of a water system in itself proposes
significant issues of risk. Two critical assumptions that are unique to a mass medium substance like water and dramatically
alter the appraisal of risk are: (1) very large numbers of people are potentially exposed, and (2) small changes in contaminant
levels may have adverse population outcomes. It is also known that water reticulation systems frequently suffer from contamination
problems caused solely by the distribution system, and optimal management of these facilities would best be served by statutory
protected transparency and dedicated water quality programs. In 1979, an Australian parliamentary committee stated that an
“uncontaminated water supply is” a “basic requirement for the obtainment of good health”; however, recent surveys of Australian
water systems show many are not meeting basic water quality criteria, and many communities are not receiving regular monitoring
or testing as required by government authorized Australian drinking water guidelines. Exacerbating this situation is the lack
of reporting and statutory endorsed standardized procedures to ensure information is properly and promptly recorded and that
data are centralized for maximum benefit. The evaluation of risk associated with drinking water in Australia is often hampered
by inadequate or incomplete data. Lastly, regional and rural water supplies face a vast array of contemporary problems and
experiences that include widespread usage of pesticides and agricultural chemicals. In recent years, the Darling River has
experienced the worst algal bloom known to man, and this river system not only supplies a number of regional and rural towns
with water, but eventually connects with the River Murray, which supplies the State of South Australia with approximately
50% of its water requirements. 相似文献
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Dental fluorosis associated with drinking water from hot springs in Choma district in southern province,Zambia 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Shitumbanuma V Tembo F Tembo JM Chilala S Van Ranst E 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2007,29(1):51-58
This study was conducted to investigate the high incidence of mottled teeth among residents of an area with hot springs in
the Choma District of the Southern Province of Zambia. A survey involving 128 pupils was conducted at a Basic School to collect
data on pupil’s backgrounds and their main sources of drinking water between birth and age 7. A dental specialist examined
the pupils’ teeth and samples of drinking water were collected from locations where the majority of the pupils lived. It was
analysed for fluorides and other drinking water quality parameters. Results of the survey showed a highly significant (P < 0.001) association between pupils’ main sources of drinking water between birth and age 7 and the incidence of discoloured
teeth. All (100%) pupils who drank water from hot springs before age 7 had moderate to severe fluorosis, while the majority
(96.7%) of the pupils who drank water from other sources had no dental fluorosis. Fluoride concentrations ranged from 5.95
to 10.09 mg/l in water from hot springs, and from 0.03 to 0.6 mg/l in water from other sources. Fluoride levels in water from
hot spring water samples exceeded the 1.5 mg/l WHO guideline value for drinking water, while those in water from other sources
were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than this. We conclude that the high prevalence of mottled teeth among residents of the study area is a case
of endemic dental fluorosis associated with drinking water from hot springs containing high concentrations of fluoride. 相似文献