加速度场中六维力传感器研制

针对加速度场中惯性效应对六维力测量的影响,提出一体化平面结构的六维力传感器设计思想,从传感器结构设计、标定方法等方面进行了详细介绍,为解决多维加速度场中六维力的测量问题和综合离心试验所需多维力传感器设计提供理论与方法指导。     

近30年秦岭山地商洛段林地类型时空变化及其驱动力

在遥感和地理信息系统(GIS)技术的支持下,以商洛地区1978年多波段扫描仪(MSS)和1990、2000、2006年专题制图仪(TM)四期遥感影像为基础,利用ERDAS软件的监督分类与GIS的空间分析功能,提取了商洛地区各类型林地的动态变化信息,研究分析了近30年来商洛地区各种类型林地的时空变化特征.结果表明:林地的总面积由12584.55km2增加到14479.44km2;针叶林、灌丛面积增加,而针阔混交林、阔叶林的面积减少,低海拔地区较高海拔地区变化剧烈.林地破碎化程度严重,且内部结构发生了根本性的变化,大多数阔叶林被灌丛取代.区域社会经济财力、农民收入及适耕地的多少是林地类型变化的主要驱动力.     

Examining driver behavior using data gathered from red light photo enforcement cameras

INTRODUCTION: To develop an effective driver assistance system that can prevent red light violations, it is important to have a thorough understanding of contributing factors and circumstances surrounding such violations. METHODS: Red light violation behavior was examined using about 47,000 violation records that were captured by photo enforcement cameras from 11 signalized intersections in the city of Sacramento, California, over a four-year period. This examination identified factors with strong correlation to red light running behavior. RESULTS: Key findings based on Sacramento's red light violation records include: (a) younger drivers showed a higher tendency of running the red light and were more likely to commit such a violation at speeds above the posted speed limit; (b) off-peak time period between 8 p.m. to 5 a.m. had lower violation counts, but red light violators in this time frame had a higher propensity of racing through intersections at high speeds; (c) also during the time period between 8 p.m. to 5 a.m., violators showed a higher probability of entering intersections two or more seconds after the onset of red light; and (d) violators were less likely to cross high traffic-volume intersections with speeds greater than the posted speed limit. DISCUSSION: Sacramento's data suggest that some red light violators might have committed such an offense unintentionally. The top three violation speeds were all below 20 mph and more than 94% of red light runners crossed intersections within 2 seconds after the onset of the red light. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: In the next several years, studies will be executed to assess whether a red light violation warning system can reduce "unintentional red light running" such as drivers who made incorrect judgment regarding the adequate time to clear the intersection and inattentive motorists who fail to observe the presence and status of the red light.     

Policing the drunk driver: measuring law enforcement involvement in reducing alcohol-impaired driving

INTRODUCTION: With many thousands of deaths still annually attributable to driving under the influence (DUI), it remains imperative that we continually address the problem of producing and sustaining effective countermeasures, and that we subject these efforts to empirical scrutiny. This article presents relevant findings from state-wide datasets. RESULTS: A formula generating a potentially useful metric for assessing aspects of the DUI prosecutorial chain is presented, focusing on the rate of proactive DUI arrests. While in need of cautious interpretation due to issues of inherent inaccuracies in large databases, small numbers of crashes and/or arrests in multiple jurisdictions, and the lack of replication in other states, the analyses show no relationship between the level of DUI arrest activity and DUI-related crashes. This finding brings into question the efficacy of the many millions of dollars devoted each year to targeted DUI enforcement, as it is currently being implemented. CONCLUSIONS: Results are discussed in terms of developing adequate disincentives to DUI so as to raise general deterrence via dramatic increases in proactive DUI enforcement and then engaging in pervasive and persistent social marketing of such efforts to maximize the perception that arrest and punishment for DUI is always imminent, that penalties will be swift, certain, and severe. It is echoed that accurate data need to be collected at all levels of the DUI arrest and prosecution process in every jurisdiction within a state, so as to facilitate the empirical assessment of countermeasure efficacy in reducing alcohol-related crashes. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: Given that this work needs to be replicated, the impact on the traffic safety industry is potentially huge. The present data indicate that law enforcement efforts to further abate DUI-related crashes are apparently ineffective, though likely necessary to maintain reductions achieved in the 80s and early 90s. Thus, to attain additional systematic reductions, a dramatic increase in enforcement will be necessary as will a diversification of abatement efforts, including an increase in aggressive social marketing tactics to positively impact our traffic safety culture by making DUI universally unacceptable (for a discussion of this latter issue and on the use of positive reinforcement to change driver behavior, see Dula & Geller, 2007).     

A review of driving risks and impairments associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and the effects of stimulant medication on driving performance

INTRODUCTION: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) may interfere with driving competence, predisposing those with the disorder to impaired driving performance and greater risk for adverse driving outcomes. Effective treatment may minimize the risk in those with ADHD. METHOD: We reviewed the scientific literature on driving risks and impairments associated with ADHD and the effects of stimulants on driving performance. Several lines of evidence were considered, including longitudinal studies and community-derived sample studies. The present review is based on a weekly review (by the first author) of all journals in the behavioral and social sciences indexed in the publication Current Contents spanning the past 15 years, as well as a search of the reference section of all studies found that pertained to driving risks associated with ADHD or to the treatment of ADHD as it relates to driving difficulties. RESULTS: The review of the scientific literature demonstrated well-documented driving risks and impairments associated with ADHD and the positive effects of stimulant medications on driving performance. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians should educate patients/caregivers about the increased risk of adverse outcomes among untreated individuals with ADHD and the role of medication in potentially improving driving performance. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: Owing to the significantly higher risk of adverse driving outcomes, the use of stimulant medications to treat people with ADHD who drive may reduce such safety risks.     

沿海地区土地利用格局变化对近岸海域环境的影响研究——以滨海新区为例

以天津市滨海新区为例,利用遥感影像分析其1984年-2008年间土地利用变化,并讨论其驱动力及对渤海湾的影响.结果表明:从1984年-2012年间,盐地减少342.95 km2,建设用地的面积增加1 105.04 km2.发生这种转变的驱动力主要是人口增加、经济发展和土地政策调整.土地利用类型的转变导致人为活动方式发生改变,工业迅速发展,最终导致渤海湾沉积物中营养盐含量和重金属含量增加.     

Driving anger and its expressions: further evidence of validity and reliability for the Driving Anger Expression Inventory French adaptation

Introduction: The aims of this study were to provide further evidence of validity and reliability for the Driving Anger Expression Inventory (DAX) French adaptation (Villieux & Delhomme, 2008, Le Travail Humain, 71(4), 359-384) and to investigate the relationships between driving anger, how people express their anger while driving, and traffic violations among young drivers in France. Method: The French adaptations of the DAX, of the Driving Anger Scale (DAS), and of the Extended Violations Scale were administered to a sample of 314 drivers. Results: Confirmatory factor analysis of the French DAX items yielded a three factors solution with 11 items, which obtained better goodness-of-fit to the data. Cronbach α reliabilities for DAX factors ranged from .71 to .79. Aggressive forms of anger expression correlated positively with driving anger and traffic violations whereas the 'Adaptive/Constructive Expression' factor correlated negatively with these variables. Discussion: Globally, our results replicated earlier findings and showed that DAX factors are useful predictors of self reported violations and complement established measures like the DAS. Impact on Industry: Implications for driver education and interventions were examined.     

跨区域灭火救援力量调集模型研究

根据当前我国消防力量配置及灭火救援的现状,在对区域内重大危险源进行灭火救援力量需求分析的基础上,以动态灭火救援圈理论为指导,遵循时间距离最短、同一行政区优先、战斗编成等级优先、类型适应以及力量调集比例限定等原则,构建基于区域重大危险源灭火救援力量需求分析,并以灭火救援战斗编成为基本单位的跨区域灭火救援力量调集模型,该模型可为消防指挥员跨区域调集灭火救援力量提供重要的决策依据。     

金坛区景观格局时空变化及驱动力分析

基于2010—2015年江苏省常州市金坛区高分辨率遥感影像,综合分析了生态系统空间分布格局及其演变特征,初步揭示了生态系统的驱动力及其对生态系统格局变化的影响。结果表明,金坛区生态系统类型主要由农田、湿地、城镇构成,3者合占总面积的87. 8%; 2010年以来,金坛加快实施城市"东扩南移"战略,原有农田不断被蚕食,生态系统的聚集度、边界密度有所上升,城镇更加连片分布,城镇面积已接近2020年18 604. 7 hm~2的建设红线。     

Moderation effect of planning on housing development along the French Atlantic coast: findings from an event history hazard model

Laws and bylaws are regularly challenged for their effectiveness in containing urbanisation sprawl and, conversely, for the constraints they put on development projects. From a French case study, we used survival analysis to disentangle a complex mix of influences on the distribution of residential construction over a 42-year observation period at plot scale when almost everything changes simultaneously. We found that integrated laws and bylaws can slow down coastal urbanisation but do not stop it. Although land planning is becoming more effective, it still provides ample opportunity for residential development because other factors, like distance to existing infrastructure, exert a far stronger influence than the protection of coastal areas. Therefore, this article contributes to filling a knowledge gap about the founding role of public policies on land use dynamics.