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101.
The information presented in this paper is directed to air pollution engineers who are concerned with monitoring Carbon Monoxide. This paper evaluates systems for CO sampling under conditions where the receptor is located at intersections within 40 meters of the road edge. Non-Dispersive Infrared and electrochemical analysis techniques are used in conjunction with continuous recording, continuous bag sampling, and meter readings at 5 second intervals. The relative accuracy of each system is examined and the conditions for which each system is best suited are described. 相似文献
102.
In a transition to a bio-based economy new ways of monitoring waste-streams and water quality can then contribute to sustainable production processes. As niche innovation, new ways of monitoring face systemic barriers. The present article examines how barriers to change manifest in discursive practices with differing normative attachments and implications. A frame analysis revealed two competing frames: (1) the dominant ‘norm water’ frame in which thresholds of chemical compounds are used to set policy targets; and (2) the contesting ‘living water’ frame, which entails innovative continuous monitoring tools that take into account the ecological effects of chemical compounds. We introduce the concept of interactive reflectivity, as a discursive tool, to collaboratively visualize, scrutinize and overcome discursive barriers to innovations. The stakeholder dialogue shows how systemic barriers are uttered discursively in niches – or other forms of responsible research and innovation – and may hinder change even at the niche-level. 相似文献
103.
In contrast to Europe, the USA and South Africa, Australia has no specific, overarching federal legislation to underpin a nationally-coordinated framework for monitoring, assessing and reporting estuarine condition. This has resulted in a complex mosaic of diverse approaches and governance structures, hindering the ability to make inter-State comparisons. In this second part of a comprehensive three-part review, we present a systematic appraisal of current and impending approaches for measuring and reporting estuarine condition in each of Australia’s States and Territories. A concise summary is provided in each case, supported by extensive appendices containing detailed accounts of relevant monitoring and reporting programs. We synthesise and evaluate this output at the State/Territory level, highlighting areas of improvement and major gaps. 相似文献
104.
The coupled fluid-structure-rupture model was developed to study the propagation and intensity of blast wave from hydrogen pipe rupture due to internal detonation. The dynamic rupture of pipe and propagation of blast wave were well coupled together in every timestep during the simulation. The numerical model was validated with experiments in terms of both typical rupture profiles and blast overpressures. Results reveal that crack branching of pipe can dramatically increase the rupture opening rate which controls the intensity and shape of the resultant blast wave. Due to the process of crack initiation and extension, the blast wave out of the pipe first forms and then is strengthened by the subsequent compression waves. This makes the maximum peak overpressure appears at a certain standoff distance above the rupture. Despite consuming some percentages of energy, the dynamic rupture of pipe generally presents positive effects (up to 2–3 times) on the blast wave intensity along the jetting direction due to the convergence effect of rupture opening on the release of internal high-pressure gas. Finally, through defining normalized overpressure and impulse based on the same hydrogen detonation in open spaces, the quantitative influences of pipe rupture on the blast wave intensity in cases of different detonation pressures and standoff distances are clarified. 相似文献
105.
An integrated approach for performance assessment and management of safety barriers in a systemic manner is needed concerning the prevention and mitigation of major accidents in chemical process industries. Particularly, the effects of safety barriers on system risk reduction should be assessed in a dynamic manner to support the decision-making on safety barrier establishments and improvements. A simulation approach, named Simulink-based Safety Barrier Modeling (SSBM), is proposed in this paper to conduct dynamic risk assessment of chemical facilities with the consideration of the degradation of safety barriers. The main functional features of the SSBM include i) the basic model structures of SSBM can be determined based on bow-tie diagrams, ii) multiple data (periodic proof test data, continuous condition-monitoring data, and accident precursor data) may be combined to update barrier failure probabilities and initiating event probabilities, iii) SSBM is able to handle uncertainty propagation in probabilistic risk assessment by using Monte Carlo simulations, and iv) cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) and optimization algorithms are integrated to support the decision-making on safety barrier establishments and improvements. An illustrative case study is demonstrated to show the procedures of applying the SSBM on dynamic risk-informed safety barrier management and validate the feasibility of implementing the SSBM for cost-effective safety barrier optimization. 相似文献
106.
Loss of the underground gas storage process can have significant effects, and risk analysis is critical for maintaining the integrity of the underground gas storage process and reducing potential accidents. This paper focuses on the dynamic risk assessment method for the underground gas storage process. First, the underground gas storage process data is combined to create a database, and the fault tree of the underground gas storage facility is built by identifying the risk factors of the underground gas storage facility and mapping them into a Bayesian network. To eliminate the subjectivity in the process of determining the failure probability level of basic events, fuzzy numbers are introduced to determine the prior probability of the Bayesian network. Then, causal and diagnostic reasoning is performed on the Bayesian network to determine the failure level of the underground gas storage facilities. Based on the rate of change of prior and posterior probabilities, sensitivity and impact analysis are combined to determine the significant risk factors and possible failure paths. In addition, the time factor is introduced to build a dynamic Bayesian network to perform dynamic assessment and analysis of underground gas storage facilities. Finally, the dynamic risk assessment method is applied to underground gas storage facilities in depleted oil and gas reservoirs. A dynamic risk evaluation model for underground gas storage facilities is built to simulate and validate the dynamic risk evaluation method based on the Bayesian network. The results show that the proposed method has practical value for improving underground gas storage process safety. 相似文献
107.
In order to address the risk of combustible gas explosions in sewage culverts, a numerical model was established using ANSYS/LS-DYNA software. The model consisted of a culvert and a cover plate, and was used to study the effect of cover plate thickness (ranging from 0.08 m to 0.12 m) on the dynamic response and damage of the structure under explosive loads. The results indicated that, during the loading negative pressure stage, the equivalent stress peak value of the central monitoring unit of the cover plate first increased and then decreased with increasing cover plate thickness. Additionally, the maximum principal stress peak value first decreased and then increased, while the maximum shear stress peak value first increased and then decreased. During the loading positive pressure stage, the maximum principal strain peak value of the monitoring unit decreased overall with increasing cover plate thickness. However, the equivalent plastic strain peak value initially increased and then decreased gradually. The equivalent strain indicated that plastic damage occurred in the cover plate. Beyond a thickness of 0.11 m, increasing the cover thickness did not appear to enhance its resistance to plastic damage. The damage analysis revealed that as cover plate thickness increased, the peak displacement and velocity of the monitoring unit continued to decrease, while the overall stability and explosive resistance of the cover plate increased. Additionally, the number of damaged fragments decreased. However, once the cover plate thickness reached 0.11 m, the bonding performance of the reinforced concrete structure had been fully developed, increasing the thickness of the cover plate no longer had a significant impact on the explosive resistance of the cover plate. 相似文献
108.
Assessment of the Water Quality and Ecosystem Health of the Great Barrier Reef (Australia): Conceptual Models 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Haynes D Brodie J Waterhouse J Bainbridge Z Bass D Hart B 《Environmental management》2007,40(6):993-1003
Run-off containing increased concentrations of sediment, nutrients, and pesticides from land-based anthropogenic activities
is a significant influence on water quality and the ecologic conditions of nearshore areas of the Great Barrier Reef World
Heritage Area, Australia. The potential and actual impacts of increased pollutant concentrations range from bioaccumulation
of contaminants and decreased photosynthetic capacity to major shifts in community structure and health of mangrove, coral
reef, and seagrass ecosystems. A detailed conceptual model underpins and illustrates the links between the main anthropogenic
pressures or threats (dry-land cattle grazing and intensive sugar cane cropping) and the production of key contaminants or
stressors of Great Barrier Reef water quality. The conceptual model also includes longer-term threats to Great Barrier Reef
water quality and ecosystem health, such as global climate change, that will potentially confound direct model interrelationships.
The model recognises that system-specific attributes, such as monsoonal wind direction, rainfall intensity, and flood plume
residence times, will act as system filters to modify the effects of any water-quality system stressor. The model also summarises
key ecosystem responses in ecosystem health that can be monitored through indicators at catchment, riverine, and marine scales.
Selected indicators include riverine and marine water quality, inshore coral reef and seagrass status, and biota pollutant
burdens. These indicators have been adopted as components of a long-term monitoring program to enable assessment of the effectiveness
of change in catchment-management practices in improving Great Barrier Reef (and adjacent catchment) water quality under the
Queensland and Australian Governments’ Reef Water Quality Protection Plan. 相似文献
109.
Using GIS to Generate Spatially Balanced Random Survey Designs for Natural Resource Applications 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Theobald DM Stevens DL White D Urquhart NS Olsen AR Norman JB 《Environmental management》2007,40(1):134-146
Sampling of a population is frequently required to understand trends and patterns in natural resource management because financial
and time constraints preclude a complete census. A rigorous probability-based survey design specifies where to sample so that
inferences from the sample apply to the entire population. Probability survey designs should be used in natural resource and
environmental management situations because they provide the mathematical foundation for statistical inference. Development
of long-term monitoring designs demand survey designs that achieve statistical rigor and are efficient but remain flexible
to inevitable logistical or practical constraints during field data collection. Here we describe an approach to probability-based
survey design, called the Reversed Randomized Quadrant-Recursive Raster, based on the concept of spatially balanced sampling
and implemented in a geographic information system. This provides environmental managers a practical tool to generate flexible
and efficient survey designs for natural resource applications. Factors commonly used to modify sampling intensity, such as
categories, gradients, or accessibility, can be readily incorporated into the spatially balanced sample design. 相似文献
110.
In this final component of a three-part review, we present a national synthesis and evaluation of approaches for monitoring, assessing and reporting estuarine condition across Australia. Progress is evaluated against objective criteria that together provide a model of international best practice. We critically assess the limitations, inconsistencies and gaps that are evident across Australian jurisdictions, and identify common obstacles to future progress. Major strengths and successes are also highlighted, together with specific examples of best practice from around Australia that are transferable to other States and beyond. Significant obstacles to greater national coordination of monitoring and reporting practices include inconsistent spatial scales of management, pluralistic governance structures and the lack of any overarching legislation. Nonetheless, many perceptible advances have been made over the last decade across Australia in estuarine monitoring and health assessment, and there is great potential for further progress. Finally, we provide a list of recommendations to address some of the most pressing limitations and gaps, and support improved future monitoring, assessment and reporting for Australian estuaries. 相似文献