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161.
Paul L. Ringold Barry Mulder Jim Alegria Raymond L. Czaplewski Tim Tolle Kelly Burnett 《Environmental management》1999,23(2):179-192
adaptive monitoring design. Adaptive monitoring design is an iterative process that refines the specifications for monitoring over time as a result of
experience in implementing a monitoring program, assessing results, and interacting with users. An adaptive design therefore
facilitates ecosystem management. We also discuss lessons of temporal and spatial scales raised by the consideration of a
design for ecosystem management. Three additional issues—integration of information from different sources, institutional
infrastructure, and the roles of individuals working in an interagency setting—are also identified, but not developed in detail. 相似文献
162.
Almost half (354) of all fish kills (805) in South Carolina, USA, between 1978 and 1988 occurred in the coastal zone. These
kills were analyzed for causative, spatial, and temporal associations as a distinct data set and as one integrated with ambient
water quality monitoring data. Estuarine kills as a result of natural causes accounted for 42.8% followed by man-induced (35.1%)
and undetermined causes (22.1%).
Although general pesticide usage was responsible for 53.9% of man-induced kills, weed control activities around resorts and
municipal areas accounted for slightly more kills (20.9%) than did agricultural (19.8%) or vector control (13.2%) uses. A
dramatic decline in agricultural-related kills has been observed since 1986 as the integrated pest management approach was
adopted by many farmers. When taken with the few kills (12.0%) resulting from wastewaters, this suggests that these two land-use
activities have been successfully managed via existing programs (IPM and NPDES, respectively) to minimize their contributions
to estuarine fish kills.
Ambient trend monitoring data demonstrated no coastal-wide dispersion of pesticide pollution. These data confirmed the nature
of fish kills to be site-specific, near-field events most closely associated with the contiguous land-use practices and intensities.
Typically, fish kill data are considered as event-specific data limited to the bounds of that event only. Our analysis has
shown, however, that a long-term data set, when integrated with ambient water quality data, can assist in regulatory and resource
management decisions for both short- and long-term planning and protection applications. 相似文献
163.
Using GIS to Generate Spatially Balanced Random Survey Designs for Natural Resource Applications 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Theobald DM Stevens DL White D Urquhart NS Olsen AR Norman JB 《Environmental management》2007,40(1):134-146
Sampling of a population is frequently required to understand trends and patterns in natural resource management because financial
and time constraints preclude a complete census. A rigorous probability-based survey design specifies where to sample so that
inferences from the sample apply to the entire population. Probability survey designs should be used in natural resource and
environmental management situations because they provide the mathematical foundation for statistical inference. Development
of long-term monitoring designs demand survey designs that achieve statistical rigor and are efficient but remain flexible
to inevitable logistical or practical constraints during field data collection. Here we describe an approach to probability-based
survey design, called the Reversed Randomized Quadrant-Recursive Raster, based on the concept of spatially balanced sampling
and implemented in a geographic information system. This provides environmental managers a practical tool to generate flexible
and efficient survey designs for natural resource applications. Factors commonly used to modify sampling intensity, such as
categories, gradients, or accessibility, can be readily incorporated into the spatially balanced sample design. 相似文献
164.
A nonstationary time-series model is used to examine the changes occurring at sampling stations on the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal. Using data from upstream sampling sites, downstream levels of dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids, nitrates and nitrites, and ammonia are accurately predicted. The method is simple, insensitive to extreme values, and responsive to changes in the system. 相似文献
165.
密闭爆炸容器实验研究及数值模拟 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
实验研究了三种结构的爆炸容器在爆炸载荷下的响应情况;并通过二维多流体欧拉程序对二维爆炸场进行了数值模拟.在这个基础上用NIKE-2D对壳体的动态响应进行数值模拟。 相似文献
166.
In the last years, the idea of using natural elements or nature-based solutions (NbS) to mitigate the impacts of cities on climate, biodiversity and citizens'' health became more popular in research and practice. Nevertheless, there are currently uncertainties in finding and selecting appropriate criteria and indicators for monitoring and evaluating the impact and performance of NbS and its co-creation processes. This paper proposes an easy-to-use and structured procedure for selecting appropriate criteria and indicators for monitoring and evaluating any kind of NbS project. The user is guided step by step in selecting meaningful metrics. The procedure is tested using a real case study from the Horizon 2020 research project CLEVER Cities as an example. The test shows that by following the indicated procedure, the criteria and indicator selection process is speeded up and reproducible.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13280-022-01740-0. 相似文献
167.
168.
本文提出了防灾工程的抗力、灾损度和灾害的灾度、灾害势以及动态决策准则等概念,基于现代控制理论,初步建立了防灾工程动态投资决策的一般方法,并对其进行了理论分析和研究。这里的决策包括防灾工程的初始投资(或设防水平)决策及其防灾规划期(或寿命期)内的防灾减灾维护投资(或维护水平)决策.文中还给出了算例,对上述方法进行了应用。算例结果表明,本文提出的防灾工程动态投资决策方法具有比较显著的经济效益。 相似文献
169.
170.
通过分析我国污染场地含水层监测现状和污染场地环境管理需求,指出我国污染场地含水层监测的不足之处并探讨了我国污染场地含水层监测技术研发趋势.当前,我国污染场地含水层监测主要以地下水监测为主,且监测仪器设备简陋陈旧、技术手段落后,不能满足数量日益增长的污染场地环境管理需求,急需发展一批新型、高效、经济、实用的监测技术和监测... 相似文献