高强度铝合金典型沿海地区腐蚀行为加速试验方法研究

目的构建适用于高强度铝合金在某工业海洋性气候地区的加速腐蚀试验方法。方法选用飞机结构用典型高强度铝合金7B04-T6为试验材料,进行实验室加速腐蚀试验与某工业地区海洋大气环境曝晒试验,并对试验后的试样进行疲劳性能评价。通过平均腐蚀速率测试、腐蚀形态特征观察、疲劳断口特征分析,腐蚀加速倍率计算,对两种形式腐蚀铝合金的腐蚀机理和疲劳破坏行为等进行综合对比。结果经历实验室加速腐蚀试验与海洋大气环境曝晒试验后,7B04-T6铝合金的质量损失率基本相等,腐蚀形貌相近,疲劳断口特征一致,因而两种腐蚀模式一致,机理相同。结论所编制的实验室加速环境谱与试验方法,能够较好地用于某工业海洋性气候地区高强度铝合金材料和结构的环境损伤加速试验,实验室与外场海洋大气环境曝晒试验的加速比为97.64。     

基于毒性效应的非目标化学品鉴别技术进展

现代社会大量化学品的生产与广泛使用造成了地表水、地下水、沉积物、土壤等环境受到污染,并对人体健康和生态系统构成威胁。基于毒性效应的关键致毒物质鉴别技术(effect directed analysis,EDA)已经在水体、沉积物的致毒物筛选方面得到了一定的应用。但是由于污染物组成复杂、范围广、基质干扰高、同分异构体广泛存在、人工合成标样缺少等问题,非目标致毒化合物的鉴别成为了EDA的瓶颈技术。逐渐发展的色谱与质谱技术、数据库指标在化合物筛选识别中发挥了重要作用。本文综述了基于高分辨质谱,数据库搜索,色谱保留特征,模型构建来筛选识别化合物的方法,总结了近年来化合物筛选识别方法在环境新型污染物及药物筛选等方面的应用并分析了化合物筛选识别所存在的问题与应用前景。这些方法可以提高非目标化合物筛选的准确性和通量,减少样品复杂性和基质干扰带来的负面影响,从而有利于未知化合物的确定。     

Insights on the solubilization products after combined alkaline and ultrasonic pre-treatment of sewage sludge

This work provides insights on the solubilization products after a simultaneous combination of alkaline and ultrasonic (ALK + ULS) pre-treatment of sewage sludge. Soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) increased from 1200 to 11,000 mg/L after such treatment. Organics with molecular weight around 5.6 kDa were solubilized because of the synergistic effect of ultrasound and alkali. Organics with molecular weight larger than 300 kDa increased from 7.8% to 60%, 16% and 42.3% after ULS, ALK and ALK + ULS treatment, respectively. Excitation emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy analysis identified soluble microbial product-like and humic acid-like matters as the main solubilization products. Sludge anaerobic biodegradability was significantly enhanced with the simultaneous application of ALK + ULS pre-treatment. ALK + ULS pre-treatment resulted in 37.8% biodegradability increase compared to the untreated sludge. This value was higher compared to the biodegradability increase induced by individual ALK pre-treatment (5.7%) or individual ULS pre-treatment (20.7%) under the same conditions applied.     

Trace metal concentrations in hairs of three bat species from an urbanized area in Germany

Metal-contaminated soils and sediments are widespread in urbanized areas due to atmospheric deposition close to emission sources. These metals are bio-available for organisms, e.g., insects, and accumulate in food chains of insectivorous mammals. Especially bats, which live in urban regions and ingest large amounts of food relative to their body mass, are at risk of being poisoned due to the accumulation of trace metals. To determine species-specific trace metal contents in bats from urban environments, hair samples were analyzed by ICP-OES. Observed trace metal concentrations were related to species-specific foraging habitat, prey spectrum and degree of synanthropy. The species studied were Pipistrellus pipistrellus, Myotis daubentonii and Nyctalus noctula. P. pipistrellus showed the highest concentrations of lead and zinc and slightly higher concentrations of cadmium than the other two species, which was related to its high degree of synanthropy with foraging habitat mostly located in cities. In contrast, N. noctula displayed the highest contents of manganese and copper. The reason might be found in its prey spectrum, as N. noctula feeds mainly on beetles that are caught in cultured areas. Trace metal concentrations determined in hair samples of M. daubentonii ranged between the values of P. pipistrellus and N. noctula, probably reflecting an intermediate level of synanthropy. Positive correlations were observed between the concentrations of cadmium and lead and those of manganese and copper. Hair samples from bats are suitable monitoring tools to study trace metal exposure and can be used to determine differences in trace metal levels between species.     

苏州景观河道表层沉积物间隙水-上覆水中DOM特性分析

为了解苏州景观河道间隙水和上覆水中溶解性有机物(DOM)的特性和相互关系,利用紫外-可见吸收光谱、高效液相色谱和荧光光谱结合荧光区域积分法,分析了苏州城区自2020年汛期过后,7～9月景观河道沉积物间隙水和上覆水中的DOM的特性.结果表明,间隙水和上覆水中DOM的相对分子质量均为1 000左右,且随着时间的推移,相对分...     

水加氯处理时NHCl2与溴化物的反应特性研究

含氨水进行氯化处理时会产生ＮＨ２Ｃｌ和ＮＨＣｌ２,当水中含有溴化物时,氯胺类会与会中的Ｂｒ＾－反应,ＮＨ２Ｃｌ与Ｂｒ＾－的反应速度随ｐＨ增加和Ｂｒ＾－浓度降低而减慢;ＮＨＣｌ２与溴化物的反应比较复杂,２者的反应存在着一个诱导期,诱导期的长短与Ｂｒ＾－浓度对数成反比,ＮＨＣｌ２与Ｂｒ＾－的反应速度对ＮＨＣｌ２为一级反应;用紫外光谱,气相色谱和疏水微孔渗透法研究了该反应产物,确认反应产物为Ｂｒ＾－的反     

一种新型飞机防护罩的防腐蚀性能评价

目的 对一种新型飞机防护罩的防腐蚀性能进行评价.方法 首先,对新型飞机防护罩进行气相缓蚀能力检测;其次,根据加速环境试验谱,将被新型飞机防护罩与防水帆布包裹的铝合金试件进行盐雾试验和紫外试验;最后,将新型飞机防护罩与防水帆布进行浸泡试验.结果 新型飞机防护罩的气化性防锈膜层缓蚀效果较好.在盐雾试验中,试件的腐蚀程度顺序...     

冲击环境后峰锯齿脉冲试验条件自动寻优方法

目的 通过自动寻优制定冲击环境后峰锯齿脉冲试验条件,避免冲击“过试验”。方法 根据冲击响应谱的基本原理和谱型特征,提出利用对数距离量化评价2条谱型的吻合度。对冲击环境和后峰锯齿脉冲分别进行冲击响应谱分析,将2条冲击响应谱之间的对数距离最小作为优化目标,将后峰锯齿脉冲的波形参数作为优化参数,基于自适应差分进化算法,提出冲击环境后峰锯齿脉冲试验条件自动寻优方法。结果 将所提方法分别应用于模拟冲击环境和实测冲击环境,均获得了合理的后峰锯齿脉冲试验条件,验证了所提方法的正确性。结论 提出的基于自适应差分进化算法的冲击环境后峰锯齿脉冲试验条件自动寻优方法正确可行。     

Turbulent kinetic energy budgets in a model canopy: comparisons between LES and wind-tunnel experiments

A comparative study of turbulence in a wind-tunnel model canopy is performed, using Large eddy simulation (LES) and experimental data from PIV and hot-wire anemometry measurements. The model canopy is composed of thin cylindrical stalks. In the LES, these are represented using a plant-scale approach, while the scale-dependent Lagrangian dynamic model is used as subgrid-scale model. LES predictions of turbulence statistics and energy spectra are found to be in good agreement with the experimental data. Turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) budgets from the LES simulation are analyzed to provide more information absent in the measurements. Results confirm that sloshing motions at the low levels of the canopy are mainly driven by pressure fluctuations. A difference between the energy flux obtained from the energy spectrum and the SGS dissipation rate is observed, consistent with a spectral bypass mechanism in which the real spectral flux due to cascade is smaller than that implied by the energy-spectrum level, due to direct drain by the canopy.     

Structuring pelagic trophic networks from the biomass size spectra

The selection and establishment of the structure (number and compartments, aggregation criteria, and trophic links) of the food webs is a critical task in trophic modelling. The present work proposes a systematic method to structure trophic networks in pelagic food webs. The biomass-size spectrum (BSS) is a well-established approach to analyze the structure of pelagic communities, and the body size is especially related to the ecological role of the organisms in the pelagic environment. To structure food webs, this work uses detailed arrangements of the community in size classes with increasing widths (like Sheldon-type BSS) as first aggregation criteria, and BSS theory as a framework to integrate the available knowledge about feeding selectivity in order to obtain a method to identify the trophic links between compartments. Diet composition matrices were estimated through the combination of a probability of encounter for each food type and a specific probability of ingestion related to the food size selectivity and other food quality characteristics (e.g., morphology and nutritional quality). The feasibility of this approach has been illustrated through data of size-structured communities extracted from the literature including different planktonic predator guilds (nanoflagellates, cladoceran-dominated zooplankton and copepod-dominated zooplankton) in a high mountain lake (La Caldera, Spain), two subtropical wetland lakes (meso-oligotrophic Laguna Galarza and eutrophic Laguna Iberá, Argentina) and a marine microcosm (Alborán Sea, Mediterranean). The identification of “who eats whom” and “by how much” also allows for more accurate analyses of the trophic control in the BSS. Extensive analyses of the balance between top-down and bottom-up controls were developed for the feeding interactions of the study cases.