考虑SO2环境损害的燃煤电厂脱硫经济性评价

基于“环境成本内部化”的思想，利用广东某燃煤电厂大气污染损害的估算结果，将二氟化硫对环境的损害作为一种环境投资加入到各种脱硫工艺的一次投资中，对目前用于我国火电厂的主要脱硫工艺进行了综合经济评价。结果表明，各种脱硫工艺的投资成本与未考虑环境损害因素时有了显著变化。     

MATLAB在环境评价和规划中的应用

本文简述了MATLAB软件的由来和发展，介绍了其主要功能及优点。主要通过在环境评价与规划中的应用实例，展示其在环境科学研究中的应用潜力。文中的第一个实例是MATLAB在多项水质参数的综合评价中的应用，文中对不同的多项水质参数评价方法进行了比较；另一个实例是MATLAB应用于城市固体废物管理规划，极大地提高了规划的水平和准确性，提高了工作效率。最后文中对于该软件在环境学科研究中的应用潜力和优势展开了讨论。     

数据包络分析(DEA)模型在清洁生产评价中的应用

清洁生产技术方案评价对于指导企业实施清洁生产有重要意义。将污染物产生量数据作为一种输入引入数据包络分析(DEA)模型，利用该模型对清洁生产技术方案中的投入、产出和污染物发生量进行有效性评价。分析不同方案相对效率值、目标改进值，发现最有效的清洁生产技术方案，达到经济效益和环境效益的统一。本研究为企业筛选和决策可实施清洁生产技术方案提供技术理论支持。     

事故前人因失误研究

在安全评价中，人因失误特别是事故后人因失误越来越受到重视；但相对而言，事故前人因失误没有引起足够的重视。本通过对大量核电厂安全分析报告和运行事件报告的考察，系统地阐述了事故前人因失误对系统安全的显影响，并在此基础上，归纳出在核电站开展事故前人因(失误)分析的程序。该程序主要包括系统熟悉，定性分析，筛选，定量计算，与故障树的集成，敏感性分析与不确定性分析，形成分析档等几个步骤。     

商厦火灾危险性评价研究

商厦火灾是火灾中危害性较大的灾害之一，常常造成人员的大量伤亡和巨大的财产损失。商厦火灾危险性评价是一个减少火灾危险性的可行方法。在基于影响商厦火灾危险性因素之上，讨论了评价指标体系的建立及量化和权重的处理方法，然后应用模糊数学理论建立了评价商厦火灾的模糊评价模型，对商厦火灾的预防与商厦消防管理具有指导意义。     

基于VB的城市防火安全评价系统

主要介绍了在windows环境下，用VB6.0制作的一个城市防火安全评价可视化系统。城市防火安全评价采用的是模糊综合评判方法（以苏州古城区的防火安全评价为例）。采用Access2000建立原始的数据库。在数据库中存放原始评价数据，VB6.0中的应用程序在运行时调用数据库中数据，实现数据链接，通过运算，在VB模块的窗口中显示评价结果。本系统通过设置变量使系统程序的实际应用更具广泛性和方便性。     

草地畜牧业雪灾脆弱性评价 --以内蒙古牧区为例

从综合减灾和区域可持续发展的角度，建立了雪灾脆弱性评价指标体系及评价模型，并从雪灾区域孕灾环境敏感性以及区域畜牧业承灾体对雪灾的适应性两方面，对内蒙古雪灾脆弱性进行了评价。研究结果表明：内蒙古牧区雪灾脆弱性存在若明显的地域差异，中西部牧区比东部牧区脆弱性大，北部牧区比南部牧区脆弱性大，并且近10年来脆弱性提高的旗县明显增多，草地季节性干旱、北方干旱化以及草场超载过牧、退化加剧是畜牧业雪灾脆弱性呈增加趋势的直接原因。     

关于环评中的景观影响评价问题

环境影响评价制度对控制环境污染和防止生态破坏取得明显的成效。随着社会的进步和人们对环境质量的高要求,景观环境影响评价已成为旅游资源、森林资源、矿产资源开发以及交通运输等建设项目环境影响报告书中的重要内容。但由于目前尚缺乏评价规范和评价标准,在开展景观影响评价中存在着不少的困难,评价标准和评价等级的缺乏,使评价的深度和广度以及景观污染的界定上难以满足评价结果的要求;评价方法的不确定,又使评价过程难以统一,难以预测项目建设对景观的影响程度,而人才的缺乏则是困扰持证单位的主要问题。所以目前急切需要解决问题的办法是尽快制定景观评价的标准和规范,研究评价的方法,以加速人才的培养,使景观影响评价真正能达到保护景观的目的。     

Impoundment Productivity in the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field, Alaska: Implications for Waterbirds

a ), and nutrient availability (phosphorus and nitrogen). High variability in these limnological characteristics, particularly among impoundments, obscured potential differences between impoundments and ponds. No significant differences were found in chlorophyll or nutrient concentrations, and in only two cases were there differences in invertebrate production: gastropods were significantly more abundant in impoundments than in ponds in June, and trichopterans were significantly more abundant in impoundments than in ponds in July. For comparisons within impoundments and ponds, there were significant differences in invertebrate abundance between habitats and between wetland types. For example, plecopterans, trichopterans, and gastropods (all taxa combined) were consistently more abundant in shallow–Arctophila impoundments and ponds than in shallow–Carex impoundments and ponds. Thus, ponds and impoundments may differ significantly in invertebrate production, but we lack information on the amount of different habitat types (i.e., center versus emergent vegetation, Carex versus Arctophila) used by these taxa within each water body type. It is a reasonable speculation, based on results of this study, that impoundments and ponds may have similar value as feeding habitat for invertebrate-eating waterbirds. Thus the presence of impoundments may be consistent with waterbird management goals on the Arctic Coastal Plain.     

ENVIRONMENTAL AUDITING: An Approach for Characterizing Tropospheric Ozone Risk to Forests

/ The risk tropospheric ozone poses to forests in the United States is dependent on the variation in ozone exposure across the distribution of the forests in question and the various environmental and climate factors predominant in the region. All these factors have a spatial nature, and consequently an approach to characterization of ozone risk is presented that places ozone exposure-response functions for species as seedlings and model-simulated tree and stand responses in a spatial context using a geographical information systems (GIS). The GIS is used to aggregate factors considered important in a risk characterization, including: (1) estimated ozone exposures over forested regions, (2) measures of ozone effects on species' and stand growth, and (3) spatially distributed environmental, genetic, and exposure influences on species' response to ozone. The GIS-based risk characterization provides an estimation of the extent and magnitude of the potential ozone impact on forests. A preliminary risk characterization demonstrating this approach considered only the eastern United States and only the limited empirical data quantifying the effect of ozone exposures on forest tree species as seedlings. The area-weighted response of the annual seedling biomass loss formed the basis for a sensitivity ranking: sensitive-aspen and black cherry (14%-33% biomass loss over 50% of their distribution); moderately sensitive-tulip popular, loblolly pine, eastern white pine, and sugar maple (5%-13% biomass loss); insensitive-Virginia pine and red maple (0%-1% loss). In the future, the GIS-based risk characterization will include process-based model simulations of the three- to 5-year growth response of individual species as large trees with relevant environmental interactions and model simulated response of mixed stands. The interactive nature of GIS provides a tool to explore consequences of the range of climate conditions across a species' distribution, forest management practices, changing ozone precursors, regulatory control strategies, and other factors influencing the spatial distribution of ozone over time as more information becomes available.KEY WORDS: Ecological risk assessment; GIS; Ozone; Risk characterization; Forests; Trees