基于2015～2018年实时监测数据对关中平原城市群PM2.5时空变化规律的研究

为了解关中平原城市群PM_2.5时空变化规律，利用2015～2018年国家空气质量检测平台发布的PM_2.5实时监测数据，并用地统计学和探索性空间数据分析等方法，对关中平原城市群PM_2.5污染的时空变化规律进行分析。结果表明，关中平原城市群PM_2.5污染总体呈向好趋势，PM_2.5年均超标城市由11个减少到8个，年均浓度超标率显著下降。PM_2.5污染主要出现在冬季，春秋季过渡，夏季PM_2.5浓度季度均值、月均值都最低，PM_2.5日均值曲线与月均值曲线大致趋势一致，呈单峰"脉冲型"变化；PM_2.5污染在空间上具有明显的分异性和集聚性特征，表现出"临汾-咸阳"为轴的高污染区面积逐渐缩小，而以平凉、天水为中心的低污染区面积逐渐扩大的空间变化规律。     

宁波盆地白垩系古地磁特征兼论馆头组朝川组和方岩组的层位归属

浙东宁波盆地白垩纪陆相火山岩系,经古地磁研究表明,以往认为时代属于早白垩世早期的馆头组,晚期朝川组和晚白垩世早期的方岩组均呈正向磁化,平均磁化方向基本一致。据绝对年龄和古生物旁证,磁化时间属白垩纪中期正向极性超时。因此,馆头组的层位应作相应的提高,从白垩系下部上升到白垩系中部;朝川组随之位于其上。方岩组纳入白垩系中部,在馆头组之下还应有一套以正负极性交迭为特征的白垩纪早期沉积物。从而对以往所谓的上侏罗统磨石山群的时代提出疑问。从古地磁方向特征的规律,支持了白垩系三分说。     

Wetland cultivation and hydrological management in eastern Africa: Matching community and hydrological needs through sustainable wetland use

Wetlands are critical natural resources in developing countries where they perform a range of environmental functions and provide numerous socio-economic benefits to local communities and a wider population. In recent years, however, many wetlands throughout eastern Africa have come under extreme pressure as government policies, socio-economic change and population pressure have stimulated a need for more agriculturally productive land. Although wetland drainage and cultivation can make a key contribution to food and livelihood security in the short term, in the long term there are concerns over the sustainability of this utilization and the maintenance of wetland benefits. This article draws upon recent research carried out in western Ethiopia, which addressed the sustainability of wetland agriculture in an area of increasing food insecurity and population pressure. It discusses the impacts of drainage and cultivation on wetland hydrology and draws attention to local wetland management strategies, particularly those characterized by multiple use of wetlands, where agriculture exists alongside other wetland uses. The article suggests that where multiple wetland uses exist, a range of benefits can be sustained with little evidence of environmental degradation. Ways of promoting and empowering such sustainable wetland management systems are discussed in the context of the wider need for water security throughout the region.     

川东地区气田水水质特性研究

气田水是天然气开采过程中采出的地层水,因其来源广泛、类型众多以及成分复杂等原因导致其很难达标处理,且容易对土壤、地表水以及地下水造成污染。因此,本文以川东地区气田水为研究对象,通过常规水质分析和GC-MS等技术手段对其进行全面分析,结果表明：①川东地区气田水特征污染物为氯化物、COD、SS、阴离子表面活性剂以及硫化物等物质;②根据其水质特性可以将川东地区气田水分为两类,一类是高矿化度、高含有机物气田水;另一类是高含硫、高含有机物气田水;③川东地区气田水中共有17种有机污染物,主要为烷烃类、醇类、酯类以及少量酸类等物质。     

河西走廊东部冬春季积雪对沙尘天气的影响

利用河西走廊东部5个气象站1961─2007年逐月积雪深度、积雪日数和沙尘天气的常规观测资料,分析了河西走廊东部冬春季积雪深度、积雪日数和春夏季沙尘日数的时空变化特征,进而探讨河西走廊东部冬春季积雪与春夏季沙尘天气的关系. 结果表明:受海拔高度、地理位置以及天气系统等影响,河西走廊东部积雪从东南向西北递减,高海拔地区的积雪多于低海拔地区;沙尘日数从西北向东南递减,低海拔地区的沙尘日数明显多于高海拔地区. 河西走廊东部冬春季积雪与春夏季沙尘日数呈显著负相关. 积雪深度与沙尘日数的负相关性高于积雪日数与沙尘日数的负相关性;冬春季积雪对春季沙尘的影响大于对夏季沙尘的影响;山区积雪与沙尘日数的相关性高于平原区积雪与沙尘日数的相关性.      

Maternal characteristics and the production and recruitment of sons in the eastern kingbird (<Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">Tyrannus tyrannus</Emphasis>)

Sex allocation theory predicts that if variance in reproductive success differs between the sexes, females who are able to produce high-quality young should bias offspring sex ratio towards the sex with the higher potential reproductive success. We tested the hypothesis that high-quality (i.e., heavy) female eastern kingbirds (Tyrannus tyrannus) that bred early in the breeding season would produce male-biased clutches. A significant opportunity for sexual selection also exists in this socially monogamous but cryptically polygamous species, and we predicted that successful extra-pair (EP) sires would be associated with an excess of male offspring. Although population brood sex ratio did not differ from parity, it increased significantly with female body mass and declined with female breeding date, but was independent of the morphology and display (song) behavior (correlates of reproductive success) of social males and EP sires. Male offspring were significantly heavier than female offspring at fledging. Moreover, the probability that male offspring were resighted in subsequent years declined with breeding date, and was greater in replacement clutches, but lower when clutch size was large. Probability of resighting female offspring varied annually, but was independent of all other variables. Given that variance in reproductive success of male kingbirds is much greater than that of females, and that male offspring are more expensive to produce and have a higher probability of recruitment if fledged early in the season, our results support predictions of sex allocation theory: high-quality (heavy) females breeding when conditions were optimal for male recruitment produced an excess of sons.     

基于SPOT VGT/NDVI的陕西省关中地区冬小麦遥感估产

冬小麦是关中地区的主要粮食作物之一。对冬小麦产量估算的研究可使国家有关部门及时掌握粮食生产状况,对国家制定粮食政策和经济计划,及时进行宏观调控有着重要的意义。以陕西省关中地区为研究区域,利用1999—2007年的SPOT VGT/NDVI遥感数据对冬小麦产量进行预测。首先,选取冬小麦关键生长期内0.2—0.8范围内的旬NDVI数据,利用最大值合成法合成后的月NDVI数据建立与冬小麦产量之间的关系;其次,使用相关分析方法筛选出冬小麦关键期内与产量相关性较好的月份和旬,分别建立这些月份、旬与冬小麦产量之间的回归关系模型,最后对模型进行精度验证。结果显示,NDVI与产量之间有很好的相关性,其中4月上旬的相关性最好,其相关系数R2为0.605,即利用4月份上旬的数据预测冬小麦产量最好。在预测产量与实际产量对比的基础上,得出估产的相对误差为-5.2%—-7.9%,表明估产精度良好,可运用于冬小麦的实际估产。     

Survey of trace metals in drinking water supplied to rural populations in the eastern Llanos of Venezuela

To ascertain the water quality for human consumption, chemical parameters such as pH, conductivity and total dissolved calcium, magnesium, iron, aluminum, zinc, copper and manganese were measured during four sampling periods (November 2002; March, May and July 2003) in drinking water wells which supply several forest camps and rural populations located in the eastern Llanos of Venezuela. Copper levels in drinking water in November 2002 were found to be significantly higher (P<0.05) than the other assessed periods. Temporal variations of the other parameters considered were not statistically significant. Calcium and magnesium concentrations were found to be extremely low (mean concentration+/-S.D. of 0.27+/-0.25mg/l for Ca and 0.219+/-0.118 for Mg) during the four sampling periods, probably because of the carbonate bearing scarcity in the soils lithic component. The rest of the metals complied with the Venezuelan and International guidelines of quality criteria for drinking water.     

川东地区气田水处理技术及工程应用

针对川东地区气田水的性质和目前气田水处理工艺存在的问题,通过对不同水样进行室内蒸发及生物氧化实验,开发了蒸发-生物-臭氧以及氧化-生物-臭氧联合工艺技术。实验结果表明:经蒸发-生物-臭氧复合工艺以及氧化-生物-臭氧复合工艺处理后,川东地区气田水中主要指标CODCr、Cl-、硫化物以及石油类的去除率超过95%,出水指标达到GB 8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》一级排放要求;这两种处理工艺整体适应能力强,抗来水冲击负荷高,能高效处理气田水中污染物且出水稳定,有效实现了气田水的达标处置,实现资源化配置,符合国家环保政策,可实现较好的经济、社会和环境效益,对当前川东地区气田水处理有一定的参考价值。     

关中地区细颗粒物碳组分特征及来源解析

为研究关中地区细颗粒物中碳组分的污染特征及其来源,于2017年9月4日至2018年1月19日在关中地区5个主要典型城市(西安、渭南、铜川、宝鸡和咸阳)设置采样点(XA、WN、TCH、BJ和XY)进行细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))的手工采样观测,碳组分环境样品采用热光透射法(TOT)分析.结果表明,细颗粒物中OC和EC平均浓度分别为(14. 48±7. 86)μg·m~(-3)和(2. 27±0. 95)μg·m~(-3),占比分别为18. 04%和2. 99%,与其他城市相比污染较为严重.碳组分占比的空间分布为XY WN XA BJ TCH,且季节差异明显,冬季占比高于秋季. OC与EC的相关性显著(R~2=0. 79),有着较为相同的污染来源.OC1在碳组分中比例最高为23. 44%,碳组分的浓度顺序为OC1 EC2 EC3 OC4 EC1 OC2 OC3 EC4 EC6 EC5.正矩阵因子分解模型的源解析结果表明,该地区碳组分的4类主要贡献源为生物质燃烧与燃煤源、汽油车尾气、柴油车尾气和道路扬尘污染源,贡献率分别为48. 63%、23. 07%、18. 82%和9. 47%,各点位的污染贡献结构有着明显的差异.