关中地区秋冬季颗粒物二次有机碳的估算

2017年9月4日~2018年1月19日期间分别在关中地区的5个主要城市西安（XA）,渭南（WN）,铜川（TCH）,宝鸡（BJ）,咸阳（XY）设置采样点进行PM_2.5,PM₁₀颗粒物手工采样观测,采用热光透射法（TOT）分析碳组分,最小值法估算二次有机碳（SOC）浓度,结果显示PM_2.5与PM₁₀中SOC平均浓度分别为（7.44±5.54）,（9.62±7.49）μg/m³,一次有机碳（POC）平均浓度分别为（7.04±2.59）,（9.33±4.33）μg/m³,不同粒径颗粒物中SOC各点位的浓度值分布表现基本相同为XY > XA > WN > BJ > TCH.PM_2.5中SOC含量为8.76%,OC占比为48.03%,PM₁₀含量为6.28%,OC占比为48.09%,季节分布均呈现为秋季低冬季高,关中地区SOC污染严重.后向轨迹聚类分析结果显示污染气团传输主要是关中地区局部污染和西北,东北方向传输,其中局部污染轨迹的数量占比较多,浓度较高.低空传输与近地面风向风速及污染物分布存在差异,结合关中地区盆地地形,静风频率高,边界层低等多种因素造成颗粒物中SOC浓度较高,其中BJ点位易受到东北气团的污染物传输累积.     

崇明东滩表层沉积物重金属空间分布特征及其污染评价

以崇明东滩潮间带表层沉积物为研究对象,在粒度分析、重金属以及有机碳含量测定的基础上,采用ArcGIS中的地统计分析模块研究了重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd的空间分布格局,应用克里金法进行空间插值作图,估算了沉降通量,并运用地质累积指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对重金属污染现状进行了评价.结果表明:①目前崇明东滩重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd含量平均值分别为42、27、69、71、0.23μg.g-1,均超过上海潮滩背景值,且受沉积物粒径分布和有机碳的影响,重金属含量呈现自岸向海和自北向南下降的趋势;②崇明东滩重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd的年沉降量分别为187、121、395、312、1.04 t,总沉积通量为11 g.(m2.a)-1,反映崇明东滩仍具有较强的重金属污染物"过滤器"功能;③重金属污染状况总体为清洁,但Cd、Pb和Cu的污染程度相对较高.     

天气形势对2014 — 2018年关中地区各季节空气质量的影响

天气形势是驱动大气污染物变化的最初动力,其与大气污染有着密切联系.探究天气形势对各季节空气质量的影响,可为污染防控提供一定的指导意见.本文利用NCEP-FNL再分析资料、环境监测数据,研究了天气形势对2014?—?2018年关中地区各季节空气质量的影响.结果表明:春、秋、冬季"槽西南型"和"高压东南型"对大气污染物浓度...     

基于GIS的关中地区仰韶至商周时期聚落时空分布及驱动力分析

关中地区是中国重要的史前聚落分布地之一,该区域内丰富的聚落文化遗存为研究史前人地关系提供了坚实的基础。本文以整个关中地区作为研究区域,从较大的时空尺度探讨遗址分布与自然环境之间的关系。系统收集了关中地区从仰韶至商周时期的考古遗址数据,利用ArcGIS技术提取了各时期遗址点高程、距河流远近、遗址面积等定量化数据,并且进行了最近邻分析以及核密度分析,从而系统研究了这一时期的聚落分布特征。研究结果表明：龙山时期的聚落遗址较仰韶时期海拔位置更高、距河流更远且分散化程度增加,商周时期关中东部聚落遗址点数量大幅减少,西部和中部遗址点分布更加集中。但不论是仰韶还是龙山时期,聚落遗址总体上都是西多东少,中部最为稀疏分散,至商周时期关中中部遗址才逐渐增多。基于此,本文试图从气候变化、洪水、农业发展以及早期政权发展等角度探究影响仰韶至商周时期的聚落分布变化的可能因素,从而揭示出史前人类聚落变迁对区域自然环境的响应与适应过程,同时超大型聚落中心以及早期国家的形成也影响了遗址分布格局。就本研究而言,气候变化是影响关中地区龙山时期的聚落遗址数量大幅减少、聚落位置分布格局发生变化的主要原因之一,而商周时期聚落遗址的分布变迁似乎更倾向于生产力发展的结果,或是出于政治、军事的目的。关中地区仰韶至商周时期聚落的分布变迁与自然环境变化以及聚落中心、早期政权发展密切相关,体现了人类与自然环境之间的博弈,也揭示出该地区史前社会的复杂化进程。今后的研究中,需要结合详细的现场调查数据,进一步加强区域自然变量的定量化研究和对人类社会系统的认识,从而更准确地把握人与自然的耦合关系。     

城镇污水处理厂污水资源化调查与分析研究

根据渭河流域关中段污染状况及《(渭河流域水污染防治三年行动方案(2012-2014年)》实际需求,采用资料搜集、实地调查、问卷发放、数理统计等方式对该流域城镇污水处理厂污水资源化企业(工程)进行了调查与分析。同时,提出了污水资源化企业(工程)存在的若干问题,并结合该流域实际情况提出了若干措施,期望能对该流域中水回用事业的健康发展提供帮助并对其隶属课题(2011KTZB 03-03-03)的基础性内容提供直接技术支持。     

宁波盆地白垩系古地磁特征兼论馆头组朝川组和方岩组的层位归属

浙东宁波盆地白垩纪陆相火山岩系,经古地磁研究表明,以往认为时代属于早白垩世早期的馆头组,晚期朝川组和晚白垩世早期的方岩组均呈正向磁化,平均磁化方向基本一致。据绝对年龄和古生物旁证,磁化时间属白垩纪中期正向极性超时。因此,馆头组的层位应作相应的提高,从白垩系下部上升到白垩系中部;朝川组随之位于其上。方岩组纳入白垩系中部,在馆头组之下还应有一套以正负极性交迭为特征的白垩纪早期沉积物。从而对以往所谓的上侏罗统磨石山群的时代提出疑问。从古地磁方向特征的规律,支持了白垩系三分说。     

Spatial Distribution Patterns,Sources of Heavy Metals,and Relation to Ecological Risk of Surface Sediments of the Cyprus Northern Shelf (Eastern Mediterranean)

In this study, the spatial distribution of metals and the sources of metal pollution were investigated along the Northern Shelf of Cyprus (Mediterranean Sea). The concentrations of heavy metals and organic matter were measured in sediments collected from the Gemi Konagi, Girne, and Gazi Magusa areas. Measured metal values were compared with Mediterranean background concentrations. Cu and Zn concentrations at the Gemi Konagi area and all of the Cr values were higher than Mediterranean backgrounds. The metal levels were evaluated by the enrichment factor (EF), contamination factor (C_f) and degree of contamination (C_d). EF results indicated that heavy metal sources were probably originated from natural processes and mining activities. The C_f values of Hg indicated low contamination. The C_d (degree of contamination) values for all heavy metals also showed a low degree of contamination at the study area. Metal levels were also compared with the numerical Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQG) for an environmental risk assessment. Results showed that sediments were classified as heavily polluted by Cu and moderately polluted by Zn at Gemi Konagi and heavily polluted by Cr and Ni contamination at all sampling areas per the SQG.     

The shadow of the past: environmental issues and institutional learning in EU enlargement processes

This paper compares the role of environmental issues in negotiating Spanish membership of the European Union (EU) with the ongoing enlargement talks with Central and Eastern European countries. The paper first argues that the EU has recognized a need to change the way in which it has traditionally managed environmental issues in enlargement processes. Second, the paper provides evidence of learning processes at the Community level that could have effected a change in Community approaches to enlargement in the environmental field. However, the paper shows that the fundamental principles and procedures applied in preparing for eastern enlargement match those used in previous enlargement rounds, resembling a largely technical exercise with exclusive focus on the applicants' ability to align with the acquis communautaire and the length of transition periods. The lack of sufficient adaptation or reform suggests that path dependence and institutional inertia have constrained the scope for innovations at the level of policy strategy and institutions, for which the shadow of the past has reinforced established patterns of institutional behaviour and practices. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Distribution of Alkalinity,Ph, Salinity and Carbon Dioxide Components in the Coastal Waters of Alexandria

The ara studied is located between El-Dikheila Harbour in Elmex Bay and Mandara, at longitude 29° 47′ and 30° East and latitude 31° 17′ North. the aim of the work is to look at carbon dioxide components in this areA and the effect of waste water discharged on their concentrations. Surface and bottom water samples were collected from 12 stations during January, April, August and November, 1995. Total alkalinity, salinity, temperature and pH were measured. Carbonate alkalinity, total alkalinity, partial pressure and dissolved carbon dioxide, carbonate and bicarbonate ions were calculated, since the studied area includes two differetn sources of pollution. It wAs found conventient to refer El-Mex Bay as region “A” which contains stations from I to VI and the area located between Kayet Bey outfall and Mandara which contains stations from VII to XII as region “B”. When specific alkalinity is used As A tracer for El-Umum drain water it is observed that the drain water could reach Sidi Bishr area especially in August and November, while in January and April drain water did not reach this area.     

Research needs identified at the second PCB workshop in Brno,Czech Republic,May 7–11, 2002

More than 150 scientists from the Americas, Europe, and Asia met in Brno, Czech Republic, in May 2002 at the Second PCB Workshop, entitled “Recent Advances in the Environmental Toxicology and Health Effects of PCBs”. NIEHS/EPA-Superfund Basic Research Program, the Graduate Center for Toxicology at the University of Kentucky, and the Research Centre for Atmospheric and Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology of Masaryk University, Brno, sponsored the Workshop. At six separate sessions (including posters) the origins, human residues and exposures, actions, biomarkers, risk and remediation issues relating to PCBs were discussed.