高含固污泥厌氧消化中Fe/S及pH对原位抑硫效率影响及其交互作用

以城市污水处理厂高含固污泥为对象,分别进行了连续厌氧消化抑硫试验和消化污泥Fe(Ⅲ)投加抑硫试验,探讨不同Fe/S(摩尔比)对污泥厌氧消化中溶解态硫化物去除效率的影响以及Fe(Ⅲ)与pH的交互作用.结果表明,热水解污泥厌氧消化采用原位抑硫技术,在Fe/S(摩尔比)为7.75时沼气中H_2S含量可由170.4×10~(-6)降至14.09×10~(-6),无需进行后续处理;当pH为7.00~7.50、Fe/S为1~11时,pH为原位抑硫主要显著影响因子,提高消化池pH有利于降低Fe(Ⅲ)投加量;高含固污泥厌氧消化沼气满足H_2S利用标准时,所需最低Fe/S为7.0;当消化池pH低于7.30时,将无法通过调节Fe/S实现H_2S浓度达标排放.     

Structure and activity of thermophilic methanogenic microbial communities exposed to quaternary ammonium sanitizer

Food processing facilities often use antimicrobial quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) sanitizers to maintain cleanliness. These QACs can end up in wastewaters used as feedstock for anaerobic digestion. The aim of this study was to measure the effect of QAC contamination on biogas production and structure of microbial communities in thermophilic digester sludge. Methane production and biogas quality data were analyzed in batch anaerobic digesters containing QAC at 0, 15, 50, 100 and 150 mg/L. Increasing sanitizer concentration in the bioreactors negatively impacted methane production rate and biogas quality. Microbial community composition data was obtained through 16S rRNA gene sequencing from the QAC-contaminated sludges. Sequencing data showed no significant restructuring of the bacterial communities. However, significant restructuring was observed within the archaeal communities as QAC concentration increased. Further studies to confirm these effects on a larger scale and with a longer retention time are necessary.     

我国工业危险废物的来源、处理及监管对策与建议

通过大量环境统计数据的分析,对我国工业危险废物的产生、综合利用、处置和贮存,从行业来源、区域分布进行了分析和总结。结合我国工业危险废物企业自建设施和政府集中处理设施处理情况,对我国工业危险废物的处理和环保监管对策提出了若干建议。     

生活垃圾焚烧飞灰固化体力学及重金属浸出特性

以苏州七子山生活垃圾焚烧厂产生的飞灰为研究对象,采用水泥作为固化剂,研究水泥飞灰固化体的应力应变特征及重金属浸出特性,并探讨了水泥飞灰配合比、养护时间等关键性因素对这些特性的影响。实验结果表明:较养护3 d的样品,其余养护时间的样品强度平均增长了约96.2%,而其破坏应变平均减小了56%。随着水泥含量和养护时间的增加,飞灰固化体的强度上升,而其破坏应变减小,该趋势主要归因于钙矾石(AFt)的形成促进了飞灰固化体强度的发展。较飞灰原样,飞灰固化体的重金属浸出浓度随着水泥含量、养护时间的增加而降低了38%~99%,重金属的迁移被限制,主要归因于水化硅酸钙(C—S—H)和钙矾石(AFt)的形成,以及飞灰和水泥水化反应创造的强碱性环境。     

Ti/SnO_2-Sb阳极-空气阴极电催化降解染料废水

为解决电化学法处理高盐染料废水存在的能耗大、成本高等问题,分别采用溶胶-凝胶法和辊压法制备Ti/SnO_2-Sb阳极和空气阴极,构建了Ti/SnO_2-Sb阳极-空气阴极双极体系(TSSA-ADC)。甲基橙(MO)作为高盐染料废水的典型污染物,考察了电流强度、MO浓度、电解液浓度和初始p H对TSSA-ADC体系和TSSA单阳极体系降解MO的影响。结果表明:与TSSA单阳极体系相比,TSSA-ADC体系具有更好的抗有机负荷冲击、抗盐分冲击、抗酸碱波动能力,能够维护酸碱平衡防止硬度离子结垢。最佳反应条件为电流强度为0.030 A,电解液浓度为3%,MO浓度为100 mg/L,初始pH=6。以MO去除率达到98%为基准,TSSA-ADC体系比TSSA体系可节能74.26%。     

厌氧发酵处理庆大霉素菌渣的可行性及条件优化

采用厌氧发酵处理庆大霉素菌渣,考察了含固率、接种比、接种污泥、发酵底物等因素对庆大霉素菌渣厌氧发酵的影响,并用累积净甲烷产量衡量庆大霉素菌渣进行厌氧发酵的可行性及发酵程度。试验结果证实了庆大霉素菌渣进行厌氧发酵的可行性,其中含固率和接种比对发酵的影响较大,最佳条件为含固率5%,接种比1/3;对比试验所用3种接种污泥,发现接种某造纸厂污水处理IC反应器的厌氧颗粒污泥效果最优,在最优含固率和接种比的条件下,累积净产甲烷量为28.21 m3/t;此外,试验还证实,采用不同菌渣的联合发酵表现出了明显的协同作用,在最优条件下,庆大霉素菌渣与林可霉素菌渣按1∶2的比例联合发酵的产甲烷量可达到37.5 m3/t。     

餐厨垃圾厌氧消化运行试验研究

采用猪粪厌氧消化的消化污泥为接种物,在中温(37℃)条件下,以连续进料的方式对餐厨垃圾的湿式厌氧消化进行了启动以及运行试验,监测整个实验过程中产气量、pH、VFA、碱度等能够反映厌氧消化的系统指标。结果表明:本实验中系统最佳有机负荷为2.8 kg/(m~3·d)(以VS计),超过此负荷后,依靠系统自身恢复和人工调节,pH很难恢复正常运行状态。正常运行过程中,pH稳定在7.5~8.0,VFA稳定在2 000 mg/L左右,碱度在6 000~9 000 mg/L,氨氮在1 500~2 000 mg/L,底物含水率为96%~98%。系统超负荷运行后,产气量和pH下降,VFA浓度上升,碱度、氨氮、含水率基本保持稳定。     

Effects of free ammonia on volatile fatty acid accumulation and process performance in the anaerobic digestion of two typical bio-wastes

The effect of free ammonia on volatile fatty acid(VFA)accumulation and process instability was studied using a lab-scale anaerobic digester fed by two typical bio-wastes:fruit and vegetable waste(FVW)and food waste(FW)at 35°C with an organic loading rate(OLR)of 3.0 kg VS/(m~3·day). The inhibitory effects of free ammonia on methanogenesis were observed due to the low C/N ratio of each substrate(15.6 and 17.2,respectively). A high concentration of free ammonia inhibited methanogenesis resulting in the accumulation of VFAs and a low methane yield. In the inhibited state,acetate accumulated more quickly than propionate and was the main type of accumulated VFA. The co-accumulation of ammonia and VFAs led to an "inhibited steady state" and the ammonia was the main inhibitory substance that triggered the process perturbation. By statistical significance test and VFA fluctuation ratio analysis,the free ammonia inhibition threshold was identified as 45 mg/L. Moreover,propionate,iso-butyrate and valerate were determined to be the three most sensitive VFA parameters that were subject to ammonia inhibition.     

2015年北京采暖季城市森林内外SO2浓度的时空变化特征

为探讨采暖季城市森林内外ρ(SO₂)动态变化及差异性,基于西山国家森林公园林内空气质量监测站数据,结合北京市环境保护监测中心植物园监测站的实时数据,分析2015年采暖季城市森林内外ρ(SO₂)变化和影响因素.结果表明:林内外ρ(SO₂)日变化基本呈双峰双谷型,在09:00-11:00和20:00-22:00左右达到高峰;采样期间ρ(SO₂)月变化呈不显著"V"型,最高值出现在1月,林内外分别为(25.8±9.2)和(31.7±23.4)μg/m3,最低值出现在11月,林内外分别为(19.0±5.2)和(13.0±11.2)μg/m3.林内ρ(SO₂)在1-3月低于林外,11-12月高于林外,林内ρ(SO₂)变化较林外平缓;气象条件对采暖季城市森林ρ(SO₂)变化有重要影响:降水对ρ(SO₂)消减效应明显,大风有驱散SO₂的作用,同时受风向影响;ρ(SO₂)和温度关系不显著(P=0.05,R < 0.40),但和空气相对湿度线性关系显著(α=0.05,Sig=0.00),林内受气象因素影响低于林外.研究显示,城市森林对气态污染物具有一定的缓冲、抵抗和吸收能力,因此应重视发展城市森林生态系统,充分发挥其生态效益,以提高城市大气环境质量.      

数显型电热板加热法在河流高锰酸盐指数应急监测中的应用研究

高锰酸盐指数常被作为地表水体受有机污染物和还原性无机物质污染程度的综合指标.采用数显型电热板加热法测定水中高锰酸盐指数,通过实验确定了加热时间和加热温度.并分别采用水浴法和电热板加热法对应急样品进行了高锰酸盐指数的测定,两种测定方法的比对研究结果表明,应急监测时采用数显型电热板加热法测定耗时更短,检测结果与国标法测定没有显著差异,是可行且有效的应急监测替代方法.