电导率对厌氧产酸、正渗透与微生物燃料电池耦合工艺运行性能的影响

将厌氧产酸(AA)、正渗透技术(FO)与微生物燃料电池(MFC)进行耦合,构建了用于污水处理的AAFO-MFC耦合工艺,实现污水的同步产电和回用.由于电导率是AAFO-MFC运行的关键因素,考察了电导率对系统运行性能的影响.结果表明,较高的电导率可以降低MFC的内阻,提高产电,但是会加重FO膜污染,导致FO膜通量快速衰减,缩短运行时间.电导率对出水水质并没有显著影响,FO膜出水的总有机碳(TOC)和总磷(TP)浓度分别低于4 mg·L~(-1)和0.5 mg·L~(-1),但是FO膜对于氨氮(NH+4-N)的截留效果较差.控制反应器内电导率为7~8 m S·cm-1时,系统整体性能表现最佳,可以获得连续且相对稳定的输出电压,而且FO膜通量下降较为缓慢,运行周期达到29 d.     

渗透系数级差对污染物在低渗透透镜体中的迁移影响研究

利用二维模拟槽研究非均质含水层中渗透系数级差对低渗透透镜体内污染物迁移的影响,确定不同渗透系数级差下污染物在透镜体中的波及效率和去除效率,建立低渗透透镜体内波及/去除效率、入渗/反冲时间和渗透系数级差三者之间的定量关系.结果表明：在污染过程中,污染物的迁移速度随渗透系数级差的增大而减小;在0.5m/d的地下水流速下,当渗透系数级差从3增大至52时,污染物波及效率达到100%所需要的时间从8h上升至360h;污染物的波及效率Z与入渗时间t成正相关关系与渗透系数级差K_mn呈负相关关系,其函数关系为Z=（109.623/K_mn²+1.035/K_mn+0.447）t.在模拟抽出处理的过程中,污染物的去除速度随渗透系数级差的增大而减小;当渗透系数级差从3增大至52时,污染物的去除效率达到100%所需的时间从13h升高至480h;污染物在透镜体中的去除效率Z'与反冲时间t和渗透系数级差K_mn的函数关系为Z'=（54.999/K_mn²+6.605/K_mn+0.098）t.对比两个过程可发现,污染物在非均质含水层中的污染和修复过程在时间方面呈现出不可逆性.随着渗透系数级差的增大,污染和去除过程中低渗透透镜体内波及/去除效率达100%的时间差值从5h逐渐增大至120h,"拖尾"效应越来越明显.     

Some engineering aspects of homoionized mixed clay minerals

Many studies have been conducted to investigate thephysicochemical behavior of pure clay minerals and predicttheir engineering performance in the field. In this study, thephysicochemical properties of an artificial mixture of differentclay minerals namely, 40-50% montmorillonite, 20-30% illite and 10-15% kaolin were investigated. The mixture was homoionized with sodium, Na⁺; calcium, Ca²⁺; andaluminum, Al³⁺. The engineering properties studied wereconsistency limits, sediment volume, compressibility behavior,and hydraulic conductivity. The results revealed that theliquid, plastic and shrinkage limits of soil increased withincreasing cation valence. The hydraulic conductivity of thesoil also increased with an increase in the valence of thecation at any given void ratio. Aluminum and sodium treatedclays had the highest and the lowest modified compressionindex values, respectively. Furthermore, trivalent cationsaturated clayey soil consolidates three times faster thanthat of monovalent and two times faster than that of divalent.These properties of the soils determined were, in general,similar to those of kaolinite rather than those ofmontmorillonite. The comparison of the results obtained withthe published data in the literature revealed that thephysicochemical behavior of the tested clay soil was, ingeneral, similar to that of kaolinite.     

An analytical model for the interpretation of pulse injection experiments performed for testing the spatial variability of clay formations

This paper presents an analytical model to describe pulse injection experiments. This model solves the advection-diffusion equation while taking into account back diffusion from the clay core to the inlet and from the outlet to the clay core. In most analytical models, back diffusion is neglected. For sufficiently high Péclet numbers, this is a good approximation. However, in experiments where the Péclet number is low, back diffusion is important and must be taken into account. An additional advantage of the present model is that both concentration and flux are conserved at the inlet and at the outlet of the clay core. This model is used to fit pulse injection experiments with iodide and tritiated water (HTO) in clay cores. The (new) model is required for fitting the experimental results since in clay layers advection is very slow leading to a low Péclet number. The experiments are performed on clay cores taken from different depths from the Boom Clay and the Ypres Clay layer under the site of the nuclear power plant of Doel (Belgium). The quality of all fits is excellent and the obtained parameter values are coherent. For HTO, the fitted value for the diffusion accessible porosity is consistent with measurements of the water content in Ypres Clay cores. In both types of clays, the apparent diffusion coefficient at zero flow is between 10(-10) and 2 x 10(-10) m(2)/s for iodide and between 2 x 10(-10) and 3 x 10(-10) m(2)/s for HTO. The dispersion length is in the order of 10(-3) m. The average value for the diffusion accessible porosity is between 0.35 and 0.4 for HTO and between 0.2 and 0.25 for iodide.     

电子废弃物资源化技术现状

随着电子废弃物数量的日益增加和对电子废弃物资源化利用要求的提高,电子废弃物经历了由堆存到资源化利用的发展过程.目前电子废弃物资源化技术主要包括物理处理法、化学处理法和热处理法等方法,实现电子废弃物的资源化.     

CORRELATION OF SELECTED WELL WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS WITH SOIL AND AQUIFER HYDROLOGIC PROPERTIES1

ABSTRACT: The geographical distribution of well water specific electrical conductivity and nitrate levels in a 932 km² ground water quality study area in the Fresno-Clovis, California, indicated that frequently areas of lower ground water salinity were also areas of relatively greater soil and aquifer permeability. From these observations and certain assumptions we hypothesized that the quality of the well water should be better in areas with permeable soils and geological formations. Correlation and multiple linear regression analysis supported this hypothesis for well water salinity. However, well water nitrate levels were significantly negatively correlated with only the estimated equivalent specific yield of the aquifer system. The multiple R² values of the most significant multiple linear regression models showed that only a fourth to a third of the variability in well water specific electric conductivity and nitrate levels could be ascribed to the effects of the hydrogeological parameters considered with more than 90 percent confidence. This indicates that three-fourths to two-thirds of the variability in ground water salinity and nitrate levels may be related to land use. Thus, there is considerable room for land use management techniques to improve ground water quality and reduce its variability.     

SATURATED SOIL HYDRAULIC CONDUCTWITY IN LOBLOLLY PINE PLANTATIONS ON DRAINED SITES1

ABSTRACT: Variation of in situ measured saturated hydraulic conductivity (KS) with stand age was examined in drained and intensively managed loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations on very poorly drained Bayboro loam soils. Stand ages studied were 1-year-old and 14-years old. No differences in Ks values were found between the stand ages. In addition, no differences in core measured soil properties were found between the stand ages, indicating that there were no differences in the pore structure of the soil matrix. There was large variation of Ks within stands and between stands within ages. The mean within stand Ks values ranged from 0.66 cm/hr to 4.85 cm/hr. The frequency of tests exhibiting pipe flow through large non-capillary voids was significantly greater in the older stands; however, the continuity of the voids in the soil, and whether or not non-Darcy type flow would occur in a saturated profile, could not be determined.     

VARIABILITY OF SOIL WATER PROPERTIES AND CROP YIELD IN A SLOPED WATERSHED1

ABSTRACT: Spatial distribution of soil and water properties and the correlations between them and crop yield were determined for a natural rainfall environment. Hydraulic conductivity, soil texture, water retention, and soil-water flux were variables used to investigate their relationship to crop yield using multiple regression techniques. Variations in crop yields on a watershed with a 3 to 4 percent slope and moderately erosive soils were related to soil-water characteristics and soil properties along slope and with depth. Climatic conditions to sustain crop growth and yield ranged from inadequate soil water in 1983 to adequate soil water in 1984. Crop yield was predicted with models using both available and measured soil-water content. Available water content provided a better model for the prediction of water yield and does not require field measurements of actual soil-water content. Soil water holding capacity was more significant for predicting crop yield in soils with moderate to high silt content than infiltrability of water into the soil.     

PCM thermal conductivity effect on mechanism of PV/PCM thermal control characteristics

ABSTRACT

According to the structure of photovoltaic/phase change material (PV/PCM), the mechanism of internal heat transfer, transmission, storage, and temperature control is analyzed, and a two-dimensional finite element analysis model of PV/PCM structure is established. This study is carried out on the effect of PCM thermal conductivity on internal temperature distribution characteristics of PV/PCM and temperature control characteristics of solar cells. The results show that the increase in thermal conductivity of PCM can prolong the temperature control time of solar cell in PV/PCM system, for example, when the thermal conductivity is increased from 0.2 W/(m·K) to1.5 W/(m·K) under a thickness of 4 cm, the duration when PV/PCM solar cell temperature is controlled below 40°C and extended from 52 min to 184 min. In addition, PV/PCM experimental prototypes are designed with the LA-SA-EG composite PCM peak melting point of 46°C and thermal conductivity of 0.8 W/(m·K) and 1.1 W/(m·K), respectively. The results indicate that compared with PCM-free solar cells, the maximum temperature of PV/PCM prototype solar cells with thermal conductivity of 0.8 W/(m·K) and 1.1 W/(m·K) is reduced by 10.8°C and 4.6°C, respectively, with average output power increased by 4.1% and 2.2%, respectively, under simulated light sources. Under natural light conditions, the average output power is increased by 6.9% and 4.3%, respectively. The results provide theoretical and experimental basis for the optimization of PV/PCM design by changing the thermal conductivity of PCM.     

MODELING INFILTRATION WITH VARYING HYDRAULIC CONDUCTWITY UNDER SIMULATED RAINFALL CONDITIONS1

ABSTRACT: Physically-based models are extensively used to simulate the infiltration process under varied field conditions. Most models are based on the deterministic nature of input parameters related to the flow process (such as hydraulic conductivity). These models yield poor predictions of infiltration rates because they do not include the field-scale variations of flow parameters. The paper presents an approach for integrating the field-scale variability of hydraulic conductivity with an infiltration model to simulate infiltration under the rainfall conditions. A model describing the spatial structure of hydraulic conductivity has been developed using stochastic techniques. The stochastic structure of hydraulic conductivity was then incorporated in the Green-Ampt and Mein-Larson infiltration model. The model outputs on the instantaneous infiltration rates and cumulative infiltration were evaluated using the field infiltration data measured under simulated rainfall conditions. The results show that the combined model is capable of rep. resenting the instantaneous infiltration rates and cumulative infiltration of the study soils. The model may, therefore, be used to simulate the rainfall infiltration process for spatially-variable soils under the field conditions.