巷道围岩温度分布及调热圈半径的影响因素分析

分析了巷道壁面水分蒸发情况下通风时间、岩石的热物理性质、巷道几何尺寸、巷道风流与围岩壁面的对流换热系数、壁面湿度系数与风流相对湿度的变化对围岩温度分布及调热圈半径的影响。随着通风时间的延长 ,围岩冷却范围逐渐向围岩内部推移 ,推移速度逐渐降低 ;巷道壁面水分蒸发和风流相对湿度对靠近壁面处围岩温度分布影响很大 ,但对深部围岩温度分布的影响逐渐变小 ,所以对调热圈半径的影响很小 ;岩石导温系数对调热圈半径及其内部的温度分布影响较大。巷道壁面风流与围岩的换热系数和巷道的几何尺寸对巷道围岩的冷却范围影响非常小。     

Climatic Variation and Solute Concentration and Flux in Meltwaters Draining from an Alpine Glacier

Measurements of electrical conductivity and discharge ofmeltwaters in the Gornera, which drains from the 83%glacierised basin containing Gornergletscher, PennineAlps, Switzerland, were undertaken between May andSeptember in both 1979 and 1998. Discharge in theGornera was 43% higher in 1998, average air temperatureduring the ablation season being 2.1 °C warmer andpreceding winter precipitation 28% lower than in 1979. Mean electrical conductivity of meltwater in 1998 wasreduced by 40%. In the same 60 day period in 1998,however, solute flux was augmented by only 2% bycomparison with 1979. Year-to-year climatic variations,reflected in discharge variability, strongly affectsolute concentration in glacial meltwaters, but havelimited impact on solute flux. Climatic conditionstranslate into meltwater quality through inter-relationships between mineral reaction rates, subglacialresidence time in contact with sediment, and discharge. Annual variability in solute flux depends on the extentto which volume of flow can offset decline in soluteconcentration brought about by reducing residence time.     

INFILTRATION OF WASTEWATER AND SIMULATED RAINWATER AS AFFECTED BY POLYACRYLAMIDE1

ABSTRACT: Irrigation reduces infiltration rates for subsequent irrigations or rains, thus decreasing the efficiency of water use and impacting watersheds in agricultural areas. Reduced infiltration causes greater runoff with its accompanying erosion, pollution, and sedimentation. Small rates of polyacrylamide (PAM) improve infiltration and reduce erosion on irrigated fields. The effects of PAM on infiltration of rainwater, the longevity of the effects of various rates of PAM, and the effects of repeated or intermittent PAM applications are not understood. This study measured the effects of four PAM application rates (0, 10, 25, and 40 ppm) on the subsequent infiltration of wastewater or simulated rainwater for seven weeks following the initial treatments. Also, effects of repeated and intermittent PAM applications on infiltration were determined. Hydraulic conductivity was determined for each soil column using the falling head method. Two soil types from the coastal plain of south Texas were tested — a soil high in clay (Victoria) and a sandy loam (Willacy). Effects of PAM rates were significant, but effects of water type were not (P > 0.05). Benefits from single PAM applications disappeared within two weeks. Water enriched with PAM is so viscous and infiltrates so slowly that applying PAM in every irrigation event may not be feasible. However, repeating PAM applications every two weeks maintained high infiltration rates on the alternate weeks. This intermittent application of PAM may be a practical approach for improving infiltration rates on irrigated lands.     

SOLUTE TRANSPORT IN THREE‐DIMENSIONAL SATURATED POROUS MEDIA HAVING SELF‐SIMILAR HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY DISTRIBUTION1

ABSTRACT: Customarily, it has been assumed that hydraulic conductivity is a stationary, homogeneous stochastic process with a finite variance for stochastic analysis of solute transport in the subsurface. That the distribution of hydraulic conductivity may have a fractal behavior with long range correlations was suggested from field data analyses. This motivates us to further investigate how the fractal behavior of permeability distribution impacts solute transport in porous media. This study provides longitudinal and transverse macrodispersivity coefficients and the variance of the solute concentration. Longitudinal and transverse macrodispersivity coefficients are found to depend strongly on the fractal dimension (D) of logarithmic hydraulic conductivity (logK). The longitudinal and transverse macrodispersivity coefficients are the highest when D = 1, and the values decrease monotonically to zero at D = 2. Both coefficients correspond to the characteristic length scale of the logK distribution, thus are scale dependent parameters. The ratio of the transverse to the longitudinal macrodispersivity coefficient is on the order of 10^‐1 to 10^‐4. Concentration variance also decreases with the fractal dimension of logK. There is no spatial spreading of solute for D = 2, and the concentration variance reaches zero for this case.     

基于AWRSEI的岱海流域生态环境质量时空演变及驱动因子分析

流域是重要的生态安全屏障和社会经济发展区域,为了更加客观准确地评价干旱和半干旱区流域生态环境质量,基于遥感生态指数（RSEI）引入盐度指标构建适用于干旱和半干旱区流域的遥感生态指数（AWRSEI）并以岱海流域为例分析其适用性.基于AWRSEI模型,采用4期Landsat TM/OLI合成影像,对2001~2020年岱海流域的生态环境质量进行定量评价,通过变异系数和空间自相关分析岱海流域生态环境质量时空演变规律,并通过地理探测器进行成因分析和驱动因子解释力分析.结果表明：①AWRSEI与各生态因子的平均相关系数为0.860,比单个指标分量更具代表性;第一主成分的荷载正负值和排序与RSEI一致,特征值贡献率比RSEI高3.69%,评价结果与真实地表情况更为接近,适合用于干旱区流域的生态环境质量评价.②岱海流域2001~2020年AWRSEI指数的年均值为0.427,生态环境质量基础较差,期间AWRSEI的均值呈现波动上升的趋势,并且在2020年均值达到最高0.502.整体生态环境质量明显好转,恶化区域减少了20.51%,改善区域增加了12.71%.空间分布上,岱海流域南部和西北部高海拔地区的林地生态环境质量优,北部和南部中海拔地区生态环境质量较差,湖区北侧生态环境质量优于南侧.③岱海流域AWRSEI变异系数平均值为0.280,生态环境质量状况稳定,整体变化波动较小,高波动主要集中在湖区南侧和居民点区域.岱海流域生态环境质量存在显著的空间自相关性,高-高集聚区主要分布在高海拔的林地区域和低海拔耕地区域;低-低集聚区零星分布在中海拔区域.④2001~2020年岱海流域生态环境的提升主要由于NDVI提高,NDBSI和NDSI降低.NDVI和NDBSI是交互作用最强的组合,对生态环境的解释力最强.土地利用是AWRSEI的主导因子,解释力最强.土地利用和气象因子的组合是交互作用最强,且各驱动因子之间均为增强关系.     

贵州高原典型喀斯特县域生境质量时空演变及定量归因

揭示贵州高原喀斯特县域生境质量时空演变规律及其驱动因素,为平衡喀斯特区域生态保护和可持续发展提供科学依据.利用1989年、2003年、2010年和2020年4期土地利用数据、DEM数据、气象数据和社会经济数据,采用InVEST模型阐明普定县近30年生境质量时空分布格局及演变特征,并对其空间分异的驱动力进行了定量探测.结果表明：①耕地和林地是普定县的主要土地利用类型,构成了地表覆盖景观基质.2003~2010年土地利用变化最显著,其中林地的增幅最大,达86.42%,耕地是流失最严重的土地利用类型,面积减少157.57 km²,主要流向林地和建设用地;②1989~2020年普定县生境质量指数平均值由0.60上升至0.73,空间上由东北部向西南部大体呈现出“高-低-高”的分布格局,生境质量高值区主要分布在东北部林地和草地区,低值区集中在中部和南部的建设用地,生境质量等级上升的区域主要集中在东部及西北部的大部分地区;③土地利用类型是影响生境质量时空分布的首要因素,解释程度为91.00%.在交互作用探测中,任意两种影响因素的交互作用大于单个因素的单独作用,土地利用类型和年均降水量的交互作用最强,达到96.00%,其与岩性因子的交互作用达到94.00%,自然与人文因素共同主导生境质量的时空变化.1989~2020年普定县生境质量总体较好,土地利用类型变化与生境质量关系密切,优化土地利用结构、减小人类活动的影响对提高普定县生境质量具有重要意义.     

变压器油中多氯联苯的测定

着重研究变压器油中多氯联苯(PCBs)测定的样品前处理技术,确定了变压器油中PCBs分离的最佳条件,并应用GC/ECD测定PCBs总量.回收率在86％-110％之间,变异系数1％-3％.此外,采用GC/MS联用方法对变压器油中PCBs进行了定性分析.     

光离子检测器测定大气中溴甲烷

用Ｔｅｎａｘ作为吸附剂捕集大气中的痕量溴甲烷,用气相色谱法和光离子检测器,对其进行检测,相对偏差为０．０５２１,最小检测限为１０ｐｇ。室内外大气中的浓度分别为２４×１０（－１２）（Ｖ／Ｖ）和７７．４×１０（－１２）（Ｖ／Ｖ）,污染在１０（－１１）（Ｖ／Ｖ）水平。     

Calcite precipitation dominates the electrical signatures of zero valent iron columns under simulated field conditions

Calcium carbonate is a secondary mineral precipitate influencing zero valent iron (ZVI) barrier reactivity and hydraulic performance. We conducted column experiments to investigate electrical signatures resulting from concurrent CaCO₃ and iron oxides precipitation under simulated field geochemical conditions. We identified CaCO₃ as a major mineral phase throughout the columns, with magnetite present primarily close to the influent based on XRD analysis. Electrical measurements revealed decreases in conductivity and polarization of both columns, suggesting that electrically insulating CaCO₃ dominates the electrical response despite the presence of electrically conductive iron oxides. SEM/EDX imaging suggests that the electrical signal reflects the geometrical arrangement of the mineral phases. CaCO₃ forms insulating films on ZVI/magnetite surfaces, restricting charge transfer between the pore electrolyte and ZVI particles, as well as across interconnected ZVI particles. As surface reactivity also depends on the ability of the surface to engage in redox reactions via charge transfer, electrical measurements may provide a minimally invasive technology for monitoring reactivity loss due to CaCO₃ precipitation. Comparison between laboratory and field data shows consistent changes in electrical signatures due to iron corrosion and secondary mineral precipitation.     

气体快速定性技术在气态污染物突发性污染事故应急监测中的应用

介绍气体快速定性技术在气态污染物突发性污染事故应急监测中的应用.使用北川式无机气体定性检测管、有机气体定性检测管进行事故现场气体快速检测,简述上述检测管的使用技术及检测人员在事故现场应采取的防护措施.