Reducing non-contact electric arc injuries: an investigation of behavioral and organizational issues

PROBLEM: It is estimated that 5 to 10 arc flash explosions occur in electric equipment every day in the United States. In the mining industry the largest single injury category of electrical injuries are caused by non-contact electrical arcs. METHOD: This investigation progressed in two phases: (a) 836 Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) reports of electric arcing incidents that occurred over a period of 11 years were reviewed, and (b) personal interviews were conducted with 32 individuals. A theoretical Safe Job Performance Model guided the study. RESULTS: Behavioral dimensions were identified and included the effect of worker experience, judgment and decision-making ability, behavioral and organizational controls, and safety culture. SUMMARY: The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) conducted an investigation of behavioral components associated with arc flash incidents and developed recommendations for interventions based on findings. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: This study fills a vacuum in electrical training with a focus on the organizational and behavioral aspects of arc flash incidents. The research is cross-cutting in its scope, in that the results apply not only to mining and construction, but many other industries employing electricians. Although the majority of mine electrical injuries are the results of burns from electrical arcs, few miners are aware that such a hazard exists. A safety training program, which includes a video and an instructor's discussion guide, was developed for electricians based on this study's findings. "Arc Flash Awareness" was released in 2007 (DHHS NIOSH Publication No.2007-116D) and is available through 1-800 CDC INFO. Phone: 1-800 232-4636 or email cdcinfo@cdc.gov. It is also available from MSHA at MSHADistribution@dol.gov or 304-256-3257 (DVD-576). Private industry is producing Portuguese and Spanish language translations.     

磷石膏基保温砂浆的制备与性能研究

为了实现磷石膏的高附加值资源化利用,研究了CaO掺量、细度与砂浆性能之间的关系,利用预处理后的磷石膏,对磷石膏基保温砂浆进行配合比设计,分析胶凝材料组成、轻质骨料掺量、外加剂种类等因素对磷石膏基保温砂浆性能的影响规律,制备磷石膏基保温砂浆,并测试其性能.结果表明:通过在磷石膏中加入CaO及粉磨处理,可以提升磷石膏砂浆的强度,减少礴石膏中可溶性磷、氟对磷石膏砂浆的不良影响;磷石膏基保温砂浆的强度主要来源于磷石膏的硬化和水泥的水化;制备的磷石膏基保温砂浆的抗折强度达到2.1 MPa,抗压强度达到6.5 MPa,导热系数达到0.073 W/(m· K),满足保温砂浆的使用要求.     

Thermal and Electrical Analysis in a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Stack Using a Curved Profile for the Inlet Flow Rate Along the Stacking Direction

This study analyzes the cell temperature and current density fields of a solid oxide fuel cell stack, in which the inlet flow rate along the stacking direction of the fuel is either a curved profile derived through hydraulics or a progressively decreasing profile. The results show that the temperature field was neglibibly affected by the non-uniform inlet profile of the fuel, but the current density distribution was apparently affected. The difference in current density distribution between the curved profile and the progressively decreasing profile was small in the case of an solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) with 10 stacks, but became larger in an SOFC with 20 stacks. In the 10-stack SOFC, the difference of current density between the uniform inlet flow and the curved inlet flow was less than 3%, whereas the deviation in the curved profile was less than 12%. However, in a 20-stack SOFC, the difference of current density was over 20%, whereas the deviation in the curved profile was more than 50%. Comparing the results between the curved and the progressively decreasing inlet profile indicates that the current density difference was over 20% in the 20-stack SOFC, but below 1% in the 10-stack SOFC. Therefore, a progressively decreasing inlet profile can replace a curved profile for analyzing an SOFC stack when the number of stacks is less than 10.     

外置双U型静钻根植工法能源桩换热性能研究∗

为探究外置双U型静钻根植工法能源桩换热性能,通过现场热响应试验,利用热源理论初步分析其岩土综合导热系数,建立三维传热数值模型并进行验证。利用三维传热数值模型分析换热管间距及其导热系数、换热液流速和桩周水泥土导热系数等因素对该新型桩换热性能的影响。分析结果表明,试桩区域岩土综合导热系数为1.64W(m·K)-1。提高换热管间距、换热管导热系数、换热液流速和桩周水泥土导热系数均能提高能源桩的换热性能,但当换热管间距大于0.25 m,换热液流速达到紊流态,换热管和桩周水泥土导热系数高于岩土综合导热系数后,提高上述参数对能源桩换热性能的提高贡献不大。     

直接进水样气相色谱法测定水和工业废水中乙腈、丙烯腈、苯胺及硝基苯

直接进水样气相色谱法测定水和工业废水中微量含氮有机污染物具有快速、简便、精确的特点。本法用５３０μｍ熔融石英毛细管柱分离,高灵敏度的氮磷检测器,进样１μｌ时检测限分别为０．４μｇ／Ｌ、０．４５μｇ／Ｌ、４μｇ／Ｌ、１０μｇ／Ｌ。这一灵敏度可满足排污监测及环境评价的要求。     

中国生态环境质量与人类活动耦合机制及其影响因子

在可持续发展大背景下,深入探究中国生态环境质量与人类活动耦合机制并明确其影响因子,可为未来中国实现可持续发展目标提供一定的科学参考.运用趋势分析、耦合协调度、LMDI模型和最优参数地理探测器模型对中国生态环境质量与人类活动耦合机制进行探究和评价.结果发现:①在研究期间,中国耦合协调度、人类活动和生态环境质量均为增长趋势.人类活动和耦合协调度在空间上以胡焕庸线为界,呈现“东高西低”的分异规律.生态环境质量则表现出“南高北低”分异规律.②中国耦合协调类型转化的整体趋势为由低级向更高级的耦合协调类型转移.③基于最优参数地理探测器和LMDI模型分别发现,胡焕庸线以东绝大部分省区的耦合协调度其主导因子分别为社会经济因子和综合协调指数,该线以西绝大部分省区的耦合协调度主导因子分别为自然环境因子和耦合度.④评价人类活动变化对生态环境质量的影响,发现胡焕庸线以东主要为有利开发和有效保护类型,胡焕庸线以西主要为破坏开发和无效保护类型.胡焕庸线东西两侧地区应分别根据当地影响耦合协调度的先决条件以及人类活动和生态环境质量的相对关系,因地制宜选择优先发展地区,积极调整发展策略,走向生态环境质量与人类活动高级协调发展的可持续发展道路.     

煤矸石和粉煤灰pH与电导率动态变化规律及其相关性研究

煤矸石和粉煤灰是煤矿区两种常见的固体废弃物,对环境造成极大的污染。pH波动幅度大是废弃物农用治理的主要障碍之一。对两种废弃物连续浸提时的pH和电导率(EC)进行长期动态监测,结果表明,不同层次的煤矸石尽管风化程度不同,但经过长时间浸取后,pH和EC变化趋势相似,且煤矸石、粉煤灰的pH、EC值有很大的相关性。该试验为今后两种废弃物合理利用奠定了基础。     

Performance of activated carbon coated graphite bipolar electrodes on capacitive deionization method for salinity reduction

• Graphite bipolar electrodes act as an appropriate bed for the CDI process. • Activated carbon Coating improves the application of the electrodes. • CDI is an environmentally friendly method to apply for brackish water. • Initial concentration is the most important parameter in the CDI method. • CDI process in a batch-mode setup needs more development. This research investigates a capacitive deionization method for salinity reduction in a batch reactor as a new approach for desalination. Reductions of cost and energy compared with conventional desalination methods are the significant advantages of this approach. In this research, experiments were performed with a pair of graphite bipolar electrodes that were coated with a one-gram activated carbon solution. After completing preliminary tests, the impacts of four parameters on electrical conductivity reduction, including (1) the initial concentration of feed solution, (2) the duration of the tests, (3) the applied voltage, and (4) the pH of the solution, were examined. The results show that the maximum efficiency of electrical conductivity reduction in this laboratory-scale reactor is about 55%. Furthermore, the effects of the initial concentration of feed solution are more significant than the other parameters. Thus, using the capacitive deionization method for water desalination with low and moderate salt concentrations (i.e., brackish water) is proposed as an affordable method. Compared with conventional desalination methods, capacitive deionization is not only more efficient but also potentially more environmentally friendly.     

大体积直接进样气相色谱法测定环境空气与无组织排放中硫化氢等16种含硫化合物

采用冷冻聚焦-硫发光检测器气相色谱仪测定环境空气与无组织排放中硫化氢等16种含硫化合物。结合大体积(5 mL)进样,对最优仪器条件进行研究。结果表明：在最佳条件下,16种含硫化合物的相关系数均>0.997,方法检出限为0.14～0.59μg/m³,相对标准偏差为0.7%～4.6%。且硫化氢、羰基硫、甲硫醇、甲硫醚、二甲基二硫醚、二硫化碳、噻吩、四氢噻吩这8种化合物的检出限均小于嗅阈值,解决了能够闻到含硫化合物的臭味,却检测不出的难题。该方法极大地提高了检测精度,适用于环境空气与无组织排放中痕量含硫化合物的测定。     

Groundwater Quality Monitoring in Shallow and Deep Aquifers in Saidabad Tahsil Area, Mathura District, India

Water availability in arid regions is both sporadic and highly variable in quantity. If the water quality shows large variations of salinity and concentration of other chemical constituents with depth and time span, it has considerable effect on the entire hydrological set up of the area. In the Saidabad tahsil area, the deep aquifers that supply water to borewells in the alluvial plain of the Mathura region, Uttar Pradesh, have higher salinity than those of the dugwells from the shallow aquifers. The excessive drilling of tubewells and high yield tubewells are resulting in deterioration of water quality of the shallow aquifers. On the contrary, the chemical constituents such as, Na⁺, K ⁺, Cl ^-, andHCO ₃ ^- show higher concentration in shallow aquifers than deep aquifers. A study carried out to monitor water quality in this region reveals that the groundwater quality varies with depth and time span in shallow and deep aquifers. Factors controlling variations in salinity and concentration of chemical constituents of the water in the two types of aquifers are discussed. The relative merits of the shallow water for potability are pointed out with respect to salinity concentrations and public health.