黔桂喀斯特区域河流水体离子对底栖硅藻群落的影响

为了建立喀斯特地区河流底栖硅藻对水环境变化的响应模型,定量研究了中国西南喀斯特地区黔桂珠江水系典型岩溶水体中的离子、电导率与底栖硅藻群落分布的关系.研究发现,电导率的范围为20-2070 μS·cm-1,并且ca2+与(HCO-3+CO2-/3)是岩溶水体的主要优势离子.对离子、电导率与硅藻群落结构进行主成分分析(PCA)、对应分析(CA)、加权平均分析(WA)和相关性分析,结果表明,水体离子(HCO-3+CO2-/3、SO2-/4、NO3-、Cl-、Ca2+、Na+、Mg2+、K+)与电导率环境变量都能用于解释底栖硅藻的群落分布特征;而ca2+、(HCO3-+CO2-/3)和Na+浓度是影响物种组成的显著因素.通过研究确定了以上8种水体离子和电导率的相应指示种值(最适值Optima),以及这些离子环境下的硅藻分布特征.该结果为中国西南喀斯特地区硅藻种群生态学、个体生态学以及水质评价的研究提供了理论依据.     

静态顶空-气相色谱法测定水中二硫化碳

采用气相色谱法静态顶空进样,HP-1柱分离,FPD检测器检测,测定水中CS2,并对测定条件进行了探讨。实验表明,当取样量为10.0 mL,气液比为12.3,在40℃平衡25 min时,能获得满意的灵敏度,且稳定性很好。二硫化碳在0.63μg/L～502μg/L之间呈线性,相关系数为0.999 2,相对标准偏差为1.3%～5.7%、加标回收率为88%～105%,检出限可达0.3μg/L。干扰试验表明硫化氢、甲硫醇、甲硫醚不干扰二硫化碳的测定。本方法操作简便,测定快速,完全能够满足快速分析水中二硫化碳的要求。     

喀斯特山体表层岩溶带水文地质特征分析——以陈旗小流域为例

表层岩溶带是喀斯特地区水分重要的赋存与运移空阔,是水文过程的重要控制因素,研究喀斯特山体表层岩溶带水文地质特征,对喀斯特地区水循环及生态环境保护研究具有重要意义.选取贵州瞢定县陈旗流域为研究区,通过野外调查、探地雷达探测以及渗透系数愿位测定,分析了表层岩溶带水文地质特征及其对喀斯特地区降雨径流形成的影响.结果表明:表层...     

Reducing non-contact electric arc injuries: an investigation of behavioral and organizational issues

PROBLEM: It is estimated that 5 to 10 arc flash explosions occur in electric equipment every day in the United States. In the mining industry the largest single injury category of electrical injuries are caused by non-contact electrical arcs. METHOD: This investigation progressed in two phases: (a) 836 Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) reports of electric arcing incidents that occurred over a period of 11 years were reviewed, and (b) personal interviews were conducted with 32 individuals. A theoretical Safe Job Performance Model guided the study. RESULTS: Behavioral dimensions were identified and included the effect of worker experience, judgment and decision-making ability, behavioral and organizational controls, and safety culture. SUMMARY: The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) conducted an investigation of behavioral components associated with arc flash incidents and developed recommendations for interventions based on findings. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: This study fills a vacuum in electrical training with a focus on the organizational and behavioral aspects of arc flash incidents. The research is cross-cutting in its scope, in that the results apply not only to mining and construction, but many other industries employing electricians. Although the majority of mine electrical injuries are the results of burns from electrical arcs, few miners are aware that such a hazard exists. A safety training program, which includes a video and an instructor's discussion guide, was developed for electricians based on this study's findings. "Arc Flash Awareness" was released in 2007 (DHHS NIOSH Publication No.2007-116D) and is available through 1-800 CDC INFO. Phone: 1-800 232-4636 or email cdcinfo@cdc.gov. It is also available from MSHA at MSHADistribution@dol.gov or 304-256-3257 (DVD-576). Private industry is producing Portuguese and Spanish language translations.     

拉萨高原环境点型感烟探测器工程参数调整研究

气压对燃烧过程影响显著,常压环境下的火灾探测器标准不适用于高原环境.以高原环境下的点型感烟火灾探测器为研究对象,根据合肥及拉萨两地的国标探测器正庚烷标准火测试对比试验,研究高原环境对火灾烟气及点型离子、光电感烟探测器响应规律的影响.结果表明,对于相同火源,光电感烟探测器在高原环境下的响应明显弱于常压环境,而离子感烟感测器所受影响相对较小.依据试验结果,提出高原环境下点型感烟探测器的工程参数调整建议.     

磷石膏基保温砂浆的制备与性能研究

为了实现磷石膏的高附加值资源化利用,研究了CaO掺量、细度与砂浆性能之间的关系,利用预处理后的磷石膏,对磷石膏基保温砂浆进行配合比设计,分析胶凝材料组成、轻质骨料掺量、外加剂种类等因素对磷石膏基保温砂浆性能的影响规律,制备磷石膏基保温砂浆,并测试其性能.结果表明:通过在磷石膏中加入CaO及粉磨处理,可以提升磷石膏砂浆的强度,减少礴石膏中可溶性磷、氟对磷石膏砂浆的不良影响;磷石膏基保温砂浆的强度主要来源于磷石膏的硬化和水泥的水化;制备的磷石膏基保温砂浆的抗折强度达到2.1 MPa,抗压强度达到6.5 MPa,导热系数达到0.073 W/(m· K),满足保温砂浆的使用要求.     

Thermal and Electrical Analysis in a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Stack Using a Curved Profile for the Inlet Flow Rate Along the Stacking Direction

This study analyzes the cell temperature and current density fields of a solid oxide fuel cell stack, in which the inlet flow rate along the stacking direction of the fuel is either a curved profile derived through hydraulics or a progressively decreasing profile. The results show that the temperature field was neglibibly affected by the non-uniform inlet profile of the fuel, but the current density distribution was apparently affected. The difference in current density distribution between the curved profile and the progressively decreasing profile was small in the case of an solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) with 10 stacks, but became larger in an SOFC with 20 stacks. In the 10-stack SOFC, the difference of current density between the uniform inlet flow and the curved inlet flow was less than 3%, whereas the deviation in the curved profile was less than 12%. However, in a 20-stack SOFC, the difference of current density was over 20%, whereas the deviation in the curved profile was more than 50%. Comparing the results between the curved and the progressively decreasing inlet profile indicates that the current density difference was over 20% in the 20-stack SOFC, but below 1% in the 10-stack SOFC. Therefore, a progressively decreasing inlet profile can replace a curved profile for analyzing an SOFC stack when the number of stacks is less than 10.     

外置双U型静钻根植工法能源桩换热性能研究∗

为探究外置双U型静钻根植工法能源桩换热性能,通过现场热响应试验,利用热源理论初步分析其岩土综合导热系数,建立三维传热数值模型并进行验证。利用三维传热数值模型分析换热管间距及其导热系数、换热液流速和桩周水泥土导热系数等因素对该新型桩换热性能的影响。分析结果表明,试桩区域岩土综合导热系数为1.64W(m·K)-1。提高换热管间距、换热管导热系数、换热液流速和桩周水泥土导热系数均能提高能源桩的换热性能,但当换热管间距大于0.25 m,换热液流速达到紊流态,换热管和桩周水泥土导热系数高于岩土综合导热系数后,提高上述参数对能源桩换热性能的提高贡献不大。     

直接进水样气相色谱法测定水和工业废水中乙腈、丙烯腈、苯胺及硝基苯

直接进水样气相色谱法测定水和工业废水中微量含氮有机污染物具有快速、简便、精确的特点。本法用５３０μｍ熔融石英毛细管柱分离,高灵敏度的氮磷检测器,进样１μｌ时检测限分别为０．４μｇ／Ｌ、０．４５μｇ／Ｌ、４μｇ／Ｌ、１０μｇ／Ｌ。这一灵敏度可满足排污监测及环境评价的要求。     

主压缩沉降阶段垃圾填埋体渗透特性研究

针对垃圾填埋体的研究主要集中在降解及垃圾渗滤液处理,而其渗透特性研究不足的现状,选取处于4种压力状况下的垃圾填埋体,对其主压缩沉降阶段渗透特性进行室内物理试验,结合试验数据对垃圾填埋体渗透性能变化规律进行分析研究.结果表明,4种压力状况下垃圾填埋体试验测定分析符合达西定律,其COD变化处于产酸阶段,对渗透性能的影响可以不予考虑;在此基础上,对垃圾渗透系数计算表明,处于主压缩沉降阶段内,除没有施加压力状况下垃圾填埋体渗透性能变化规律与其他试验表现不尽相同外,其他垃圾填埋体渗透系数变化大致符合自然指数规律,而4种压力状态下的垃圾填埋体渗透系数数值均在10~(-4.5)～10~(-5.3) m·s~(-1)的范围内,与典型垃圾渗透系数的代表值相一致.