离子色谱法-抑制型电导检测城市污水中的高氯酸根

利用离子色谱法-抑制型电导检测了城市污水中的持久污染物高氯酸根,以IonPac AS20高容量强亲水阴离子交换柱分离,NaOH流动相等度淋洗,高氯酸根在12min内出峰。高氯酸根在0.01~50 mg/L内具有良好的线性,相关系数为0.9998,50μl进样时检出限可达到3μg/L。方法可用于多种城市污水中高氯酸根的监测,样品测定的标准相对偏差在0.60%~0.94%之间,加标回收率在97.3%~105.8%之间,具有较好的准确性和重现性。     

采油污水对离子交换膜的污染研究

为了缓解油田污水对离子交换膜的污染程度,使电渗析技术更好地用于油田污水处理,从而实现含聚合物采油污水的良性循环,针对含聚采油污水对离子交换膜的污染情况进行了考察.实验考察了相同工况下,淡室溶液电导率下降到0.9mS·cm-1所经历的时间、平均电流和膜面电阻等参数的变化,确定了离子交换膜的污染状况,分别考察了含聚合物采油污水中的固体悬浮物、聚合物和原油对离子交换膜性能的影响.实验结果表明,部分固体悬浮物集聚在阴离子交换膜和阳离子交换膜表面甚至内部从而造成膜污染,但相对于阴膜,悬浮物对阳膜性能的影响更严重;聚合物可聚集在阴膜表面,对于阴膜的透过性有一定的影响;原油在阴膜表面甚至内部形成致密的油膜,对其造成严重污染,但对阳膜的影响较小.利用酸碱液以及非离子表面活性剂(AEO-9)作为清洗剂,并添加少量的助洗剂(如三聚磷酸钠),阴膜过滤能力可以得到有效恢复.     

基于铁阳极的生物阴极自养反硝化效能影响因素探究

利用微生物燃料电池(Microbial fuel cell,MFC)装置耦合零价铁脱氮和生物阴极,研发基于铁阳极的新型生物脱氮技术,可有效避免脱氮过程中外源有机物的添加,降低污水处理成本,减少二次污染.本文以MFC装置为平台,零价铁为阳极,附着生物膜的碳刷为阴极,组成零价铁自养反硝化装置.在控制变量的条件下,采用单因素试验法探究不同起始pH(5～9)、不同外接电阻(50～2000Ω)、不同阴极电导率(0～232g·L^-1)和不同起始基质浓度(42～800 mg·L^-1)对零价铁自养反硝化效能和MFC产电性能的影响.结果表明,以脱氮作为首要目标,产电作为次要目标时,零价铁生物自养反硝化体系最佳起始pH为7,最佳起始硝氮浓度为200 mg·L^-1,最佳阴极电导率为添加116 g·L^-1,最佳外接电阻为1000Ω.对自养反硝化效能影响因素的探究将有助于优化反应条件,探明碳阴极生物脱氮过程的主要干扰因素,提升生物自养反硝化技术效能.     

天然花岗岩夹杂云母中核径迹腐蚀坑成因探讨

采用地表采集到的天然云母样品(不做蚀刻),直接用光学显微镜进行观察,观察到与传统方法同样的微米数量级腐蚀坑.并分析了腐蚀坑的成因,指出了这些新发现的腐蚀坑的环境意义.     

拮抗菌B96-Ⅱ对芦笋枯萎菌的抑菌作用

为明确拮抗菌B96-Ⅱ对芦笋枯萎菌的抑制效果并探明其抑菌特性及方式,对经B96-11处理后芦笋枯萎菌的生长速率、液体电解质、电导率及菌丝重量等进行了测定研究.结果表明,在10~7～10~8 CFU/mL时,B96-Ⅱ对芦笋枯萎菌均有显著的抑制效果.连续3 wk室内观察发现,B96-Ⅱ对芦笋枯萎菌丝有持续的抑制作用,与对照比较抑制率为94.07%～88.98%.田问防治效果为93.40%.而农药多菌灵处理的防治效果仅为65.12%.拮抗菌B96-Ⅱ对芦笋枯萎菌的抑制方式主要为:(1)对孢子形成的抑制作用;(2)对孢子的溶解作用;(3)对菌丝生长的抑制作用;(4)对菌丝的致畸作用;(5)对菌体细胞的破损作用.B96-11处理后36 h,溶液总溶解性同体和电导率增高,而菌丝重量下降.图4表3参14     

Biomechanical pulping: a mill-scale evaluation

Mechanical pulping process is electrical energy intensive and results in low paper strength. Biomechanical pulping, defined as the fungal treatment of lignocellulosic materials prior to mechanical pulping, has shown at least 30% savings in electrical energy consumption, and significant improvements in paper strength properties compared to the control at a laboratory scale. In an effort to scale-up biomechanical pulping to an industrial level, 50 tons of spruce wood chips were inoculated with the best biopulping fungus in a continuous operation and stored in the form of an outdoor chip pile for 2 weeks. The pile was ventilated with conditioned air to maintain the optimum growth temperature and moisture throughout the pile. The control and fungus-treated chips were refined through a thermomechanical pulp mill (TMP) producing lightweight coated paper. The fungal pretreatment saved 33% electrical energy and improved paper strength properties significantly compared to the control. Since biofibers were stronger than the conventional TMP fibers, we were able to reduce the amount of bleached softwood kraft pulp by at least 5% in the final product. Fungal pretreatment reduced brightness, but brightness was restored to the level of bleached control with 60% more hydrogen peroxide. The economics of biomechanical pulping look attractive.     

Arrival time and magnitude of airborne fission products from the Fukushima, Japan, reactor incident as measured in Seattle, WA, USA

We report results of air monitoring started due to the recent natural catastrophe on 11 March 2011 in Japan and the severe ensuing damage to the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear reactor complex. On 17-18 March 2011, we registered the first arrival of the airborne fission products ¹³¹I, ¹³²I, ¹³²Te, ¹³⁴Cs, and ¹³⁷Cs in Seattle, WA, USA, by identifying their characteristic gamma rays using a germanium detector. We measured the evolution of the activities over a period of 23 days at the end of which the activities had mostly fallen below our detection limit. The highest detected activity from radionuclides attached to particulate matter amounted to 4.4 ± 1.3 mBq m⁻³ of ¹³¹I on 19-20 March.     

Geotechnical properties of municipal solid waste at different phases of biodegradation

This paper presents the results of laboratory investigation conducted to determine the variation of geotechnical properties of synthetic municipal solid waste (MSW) at different phases of degradation. Synthetic MSW samples were prepared based on the composition of MSW generated in the United States and were degraded in bioreactors with leachate recirculation. Degradation of the synthetic MSW was quantified based on the gas composition and organic content, and the samples exhumed from the bioreactor cells at different phases of degradation were tested for the geotechnical properties. Hydraulic conductivity, compressibility and shear strength of initial and degraded synthetic MSW were all determined at constant initial moisture content of 50% on wet weight basis. Hydraulic conductivity of synthetic MSW was reduced by two orders of magnitude due to degradation. Compression ratio was reduced from 0.34 for initial fresh waste to 0.15 for the mostly degraded waste. Direct shear tests showed that the fresh and degraded synthetic MSW exhibited continuous strength gain with increase in horizontal deformation, with the cohesion increased from 1 kPa for fresh MSW to 16–40 kPa for degraded MSW and the friction angle decreased from 35° for fresh MSW to 28° for degraded MSW. During the triaxial tests under CU condition, the total strength parameters, cohesion and friction angle, were found to vary from 21 to 57 kPa and 1° to 9°, respectively, while the effective strength parameters, cohesion and friction angle varied from 18 to 56 kPa and from 1° to 11°, respectively. Similar to direct shear test results, as the waste degrades an increase in cohesion and slight decrease in friction angle was observed. Decreased friction angle and increased cohesion with increased degradation is believed to be due to the highly cohesive nature of the synthetic MSW. Variation of synthetic MSW properties from this study also suggests that significant changes in geotechnical properties of MSW can occur due to enhanced degradation induced by leachate recirculation.     

Determination of PCBs, PCDDs and PCDFs in insulating oil samples from stored Chinese electrical capacitors by HRGC/HRMS

Homologue and congener profiles of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in commercial PCBs formulations are key information for the source identification of PCBs contamination as well as for the risk assessment caused by potential exposure. The isotope dilution technology in combination with high resolution gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS) has made the accurate determination of such profiles possible. So far, various commercial PCB formulations except Chinese products have been successfully determined. Two PCBs containing insulating oil samples from stored Chinese electrical capacitors have been determined with the same methodology for comparability. The total concentration PCBs in two oil samples were 790 000 μg g⁻¹ and 720 000 μg g⁻¹, respectively. TriCBs, TetraCBs, and DiCBs were found to be most abundant. Concentration of dioxins contamination in two samples is 650-670 ngTEQ g⁻¹, of which 69-71 ngTEQ g⁻¹ from PCDD/Fs with the predominant congeners of 1,2,7,8-TeCDF; 2,3,7,8-TeCDF; 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF and 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDF. The contributions of DL-PCBs in total TEQ in both samples were more than 85%. The dioxin-like toxicity in insulating oils contained in electrical capacitors could be considered receive attention as an important dioxins source if such wastes are not managed in an environmentally sound manner.     

Reopening abandoned forest roads in northern Idaho,USA: Quantification of runoff,sediment concentration,infiltration, and interrill erosion parameters

This study measured runoff and sediment concentration from the tire track and from the non-tire track to determine infiltration, interrill erodibility, and vegetative cover impacts of reopening an abandoned forest road. Runoff was lowest on the non-track portion of the abandoned road and highest on the reopened road. Sediment concentrations were significantly higher on the reopened road. Increased sediment concentrations were attributed to decreased vegetative cover, rather than traffic-induced changes in the physical soil properties of the reopened road. Thirty years of no traffic and vegetation regrowth was not sufficient to allow recovery of infiltration to values similar to an undisturbed forest. The study also found a significant dynamic behavior in interrill erodibility with respect to antecedent rainfall. Forest road erosion models that fail to account for this change will overestimate sediment yields.