Available solar energy for flat-plate solar collectors mounted on a fixed or tracking structure

The solar energy received by a flat plate collector is calculated for various tracking modes: fixed, inclination depending on the season or the month; variable inclination with fixed azimuth, variable azimuth with fixed inclination and double tracking. At first, we take into account only the sun position and then, we use validated radiation models for estimating the ground solar radiation. Using a tracker is questionable particularly if the additional costs are taken into account. A good solution to increase the available solar energy is to change seasonally the inclination, that is, 4 times per year.     

长江中游城市群太阳辐射长期变化特征及其与气象要素的关系研究

基于长江中游5个气象辐射站点1961年以来的每日太阳辐射成分及其他气象观测数据,应用线性回归、相关分析、Pettitt突变检验等方法,探讨了近半世纪以来长江中游城市群太阳辐射的变化特征,指明地面接收太阳辐射的突变年份,并分析了太阳辐射与相关气象要素的关系。结果表明:近53年来长江中游地面接收太阳总辐射呈现先下降("变暗")、后上升("变亮")的趋势,该区域的辐射变化与全球范围内的"变暗"及"变亮"的变化趋势是一致的。日照时数与太阳辐射呈现较为显著的正相关性,相关系数r为0.63;而降水量则与太阳辐射呈现负相关性,相关系数r为–0.41。太阳辐射的这种突变变化也直接导致了气温的变化,在"变暗"阶段,太阳辐射与最高气温、气温日较差呈现出显著的正相关性,相关系数分别达到0.61和0.82,但其与最低气温、平均气温的相关性则不显著;在"变亮"阶段,太阳辐射与最高气温、气温日较差、平均气温呈现出正相关性,相关系数分别为0.56、0.62以及0.46,但其与最低气温的相关性则不显著。     

中短波广播发射台电磁辐射环境影响预测模型

为预测中短波广播发射台的电磁辐射环境影响,根据国家相关电磁辐射标准,研究和分析了中短波广播发射台电磁辐射环境影响理论预测模型,编辑了中短波发射台电磁辐射环境影响计算分析程序,验证发现实际监测符合理论预测.实例计算了中短波发射台周围的电磁辐射影响,表明程序的计算结果可用于指导中短波发射台周围的建设.     

利用藻红外测试技术研究多种重金属溶液对滇池铜绿微囊藻的毒性作用

为考察多种重金属同时存在的混合溶液对藻类的生物毒性,选择Cr(Ⅲ)、Pb(Ⅱ)、Hg(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ)、Mn(Ⅱ)5种重金属,以按照国家饮用水卫生标准限值浓度配制的单一重金属溶液和多种重金属混合溶液为受试样品,并利用本实验室开发的藻红外测试技术,评价了低浓度下单一重金属溶液和多种重金属共存溶液对藻的生物毒性。实验结果显示:按照饮用水标准限值配制的5种单一重金属溶液均未观察到对藻有生物毒性,但在多种重金属共存的27个不同组合的混合溶液中,有73.1%的样品表现出明显的生物毒性;藻响应出现率与混合溶液中重金属的总浓度呈正相关关系(r=0.8942)。当多种重金属以二元至五元混合时,藻响应出现率分别为50%、80%、100%、100%,表明随着重金属组分的增加,混合溶液的毒性作用越来越显著。当不同混合溶液的重金属总浓度大于0.11 mg·L-1时,平均累积藻响应占比显著上升到93%,表明重金属混合溶液中藻的毒性与总浓度之间存在剂量响应关系。采用平均藻响应出现率分析,结果显示混合溶液中不同重金属的相对影响顺序为:Cr(Ⅲ)87.5%>Pb(Ⅱ)和Hg(Ⅱ)58.3%>Cd(Ⅱ)和Mn(Ⅱ)54.3%,表明Cr(Ⅲ)表现出的藻毒性远高出其他重金属。现行的水质标准通常采用单一指标和限值,本研究结果表明采用单一指标不能有效规避多种污染物共存体系的环境风险。     

1990-2015年世界能源时空演变特征研究

能源系统是从能源开采、能源生产到能源运输,再到终端消费或储备全过程的系统工程.能源在区域之间的运输促进了世界能源网络的形成,随着时间推移和各种外部因素的变化,能源空间格局也随着发生剧烈的变化.基于1990-2015年195个国家能源生产消费数据和贸易矩阵,采用双因子趋势图法和社会网络分析法分析世界能源生产、消费与运输的时空演变特征.结果表明:①世界能源的生产主要分布在中东、亚太、前苏联、北美、中南美和西北非,原油、天然气和煤炭的空间格局也存在差异.②世界能源消费增长存在波动,高消费量高增长率的区域分布在亚太和新兴经济体,欧洲能源消费放缓,北美、日本、俄罗斯消费出现负增长趋势.③从世界能源运输来看,能源出口集中在前苏联、中东、西北非和中南美地区,能源进口集中在亚太及欧美地区;世界能源运输整体流动性增强,中东和北非局部时期存在波动;能源生产国外向中心性不断攀升,亚太和新兴经济体内向中心性增长最快;形成“核心-次核心-节点”的层级结构,欧洲地位下降,亚太作用增强,多元化趋势显现;能源运输存在8条主要路径.④经济增长、政治局势、国家关系以及能源开发技术都对世界能源时空格局产生重大影响,各国也纷纷通过能源来源多样化、双多边合作、能源战略储备、新能源开发保证自身能源安全.随着页岩油气开发技术、新能源技术的发展普及,尤其是煤炭消费在世界范围的放缓锐减,未来世界能源空间格局也即将发生重大调整.     

核与辐射安全监管大数据平台建设策略研究

核能与核技术利用事业的快速发展为我国经济社会发展提供了强大的助推力,但也使得我国面临的核与辐射安全风险日益加大,对核与辐射安全监管的需求与日俱增。当前,我国核与辐射安全监管工作挑战与机遇并存。介绍了我国核与辐射安全监管工作开展现状,分析了其中存在的困难与问题,提出亟需利用信息化及大数据技术,推动我国核与辐射安全监管现代化进程。基于我国核与辐射安全监管数据现状,提出了促进我国核与辐射安全监管数据管理水平提升的几点措施,包括完善数据管理体制,提升数据管理技术,转变数据管理思维,树立数据共享意识等。此外,详细阐述了核与辐射安全监管大数据建设策略,包括总体架构、建设目标、主要任务等。     

Partial characterization,UV-induction and photoprotective function of sunscreen pigment,scytonemin from Rivularia sp. HKAR-4

Scytonemin, located in the extracellular polysaccharide sheath of some cyanobacterial species is considered an efficient natural photoprotectant against lethal doses of ultraviolet (UV) radiations. In the present study, scytonemin from the cyanobacterium Rivularia sp. HKAR-4 was partially characterized and investigated for its induction by UV radiation as well as its role in photoprotection. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with photodiode-array detection studies revealed the presence of an UV-absorbing compound with absorption maximum at 386 nm. Based on its absorption spectrum and ion trap liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) analysis, the compound was confirmed as scytonemin. In comparison to photosynthetically active radiation, a significant induction in the synthesis of scytonemin was found under UV-stress. Scytonemin also exhibited efficient photoprotective ability by detoxifying the in vivo reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by UV radiation and by reducing the formation of thymine dimers. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report on the UV-screening effects of scytonemin on in vivo ROS generation and thymine dimer formation in any cyanobacterial strain. Based on these findings, we conclude that scytonemin may play a vital role in the survival and sustainability of cyanobacterial life in adverse environmental conditions such as under high solar irradiances.     

Mapping of cosmic radiation dose in Croatia

The Earth is continually bombarded by high-energy particles coming from the outer space and the sun. These particles, termed cosmic radiation, interact with nuclei of atmospheric constituents and decrease in intensity with depth in the atmosphere. Measurements of photon and gamma radiation, performed with a Radiameter at 1 m above the ground, indicated dose rates of 50-100 nSv/h.The neutron dose rate was measured with the CR-39 track etch detector calibrated by the CERN-EU high-energy Reference Field (CERF) facility. Correlation between neutron dose rates and altitudes at 36 sites was examined in order to obtain a significant positive correlation coefficient; the resulting linear regression enabled estimation of a neutron dose at particular altitude. The measured neutron dose rate in Osijek (altitude of 89 m, latitude of 45.31° N) was 110 nSv/h.     

Activity concentrations and dose rates from decorative granite countertops

The gamma radiation emitted from a variety of commercial decorative granites available for use in U.S. homes has been measured with portable survey meters as well as an NaI(Th) gamma spectrometer. The ⁴⁰K, U-nat, and ²³²Th activity concentrations were determined using a full-spectrum analysis. The dose rates that would result from two different arrangements of decorative granite slabs as countertops were explored in simulations involving an adult anthropomorphic phantom.     

Radionuclides in marine mammals off the Portuguese coast

Radionuclide analyses were performed in tissue samples including muscle, gonad, liver, mammary gland, and bone of marine mammals stranded on the Portuguese west coast during January-July 2006. Tissues were collected from seven dolphins (Delphinus delphis and Stenella coeruleoalba) and one pilot whale (Globicephala sp.). Samples were analyzed for ²¹⁰Po and ²¹⁰Pb by alpha spectrometry and for ¹³⁷Cs and ⁴⁰K by gamma spectrometry. Po-210 concentrations in common dolphin’s muscle (D. delphis) averaged 56 ± 32 Bq kg⁻¹ wet weight (w.w.), while ²¹⁰Pb averaged 0.17 ± 0.07 Bq kg⁻¹ w.w., ¹³⁷Cs averaged 0.29 ± 0.28 Bq kg⁻¹ w.w., and ⁴⁰K 129 ± 48 Bq kg⁻¹ w.w. Absorbed radiation doses due to these radionuclides for the internal organs of common dolphins were computed and attained a 1.50 μGy h⁻¹ on a whole body basis. ²¹⁰Po was the main contributor to the weighted absorbed dose, accounting for 97% of the dose from internally accumulated radionuclides. These computed radiation doses in dolphins are compared to radiation doses from ²¹⁰Po and other radionuclides reported for human tissues. Due to the high ²¹⁰Po activity concentration in dolphins, the internal radiation dose in these marine mammals is about three orders of magnitude higher than in man.