Ableitung ?kotoxikologisch begründeter Bodenqualit?tskriterien am Beispiel Arsen

Zusammenfassung Hintergrund  Im Rahmen von Mess- und Monitoringprogammen werden Stoffkonzentrationen in B?den gemessen. Diese Daten müssen auch in Hinblick auf die Auswirkungen auf terrestrische Bioz?nosen beurteilt werden. Ma?st?be zur Beurteilung gab es bisher jedoch nicht. Diese Lücke wurde nun durch die Vorlage eines Konzepts zur Ableitung von ?kotoxikologisch begründeten Bodenqualit?tskriterien (BQK) und dessen Anwendung für umweltrelevante Stoffe geschlossen. Schwerpunkte  Das Konzept wurde für Arsen angewendet. Hier ist der Ableitungsprozess im Detail beschrieben, von der Ethebung der Wirkungsdaten für mikrobiologische Prozesse, Pflanzen und Bodeninvertebraten bis hin zu einem Vorschlag eines BQK für Arsen. Methoden  Der konzeptionelle Ansatz für die Ableitung von BQK wurde, nach Auswertung von nationalen und internationalen Konzepten zur Bewertung von Substanzen auf terrestrische Lebensgemeinschaften, erarbeitet. Für die Bewerttung von Arsen wurden alle relevanten biotischen Prozesse und Trophieebenen berücksichtigt. Desweiteren wurden Bodeneigenschaften, die einen modifizierenden Einfluss auf die Toxizit?t von Arsen auf Biota haben, aus den vorliegenden Studien erfasst. Ergebnisse  Die Bewertung der Wirkungen von Arsen für terrestrische Lebenegemeinschaften zeigt, dass ?kotoxikologische Wirkungswerte im Bereich der Hintergrundwerte für B?den liegen k?nnen. Indes sind Studien, in denen der Einflus von Bodeneigenschaften wie Boden-pH, Bodentextur untersucht wurde, nur in sehr geringer Anzahl vorhanden. Daher warde das ?kotoxikologische Bodenqualit?tskriterium für Arsen, mit 5 mg/kg Boden TG, an Hintergrundwerten für sandige B?den orientiert (“Worst-Case”). Ein Vergleich der Ergebnisse mit ?kotoxikologisch begründeten Bodenqualit?tswerten aus Kanada, D?nemark, den Niederlanden und den Vereinigten Staaten zeigt, dass Werte für Arsen im Mittel bei nahezu 16 mg/kg Boden TG mit einer Spannweite von 5 bis 34 mg/kg liegen. Die Unterschiede zwischen den Werten sind ma?geblich durch die unterschiedlichen konzeptionellen Ans?tze zur Ableitung der Bodenqualit?tswerte begründet. Schlussfolgerungen und Ausblick  Hinsichtlich direkter Wirkungen von Stoffen in B?den wird das erarbeitete Konzept für die Ableitung von BQK zum Schutz terrestrischer Lebengemeinschaften als geeignet angesehen. Daher soll es für weitere umweltrelevante Stoffe angewendet werden. Ebenso, ist die Bewertung der indirekten Wirkungen von Bodenschadstoffen auf V?gel und S?ugetiere, die sich von Bodeninvertebraten ern?hren, notwendig. Auch sollen, neben Ausgleichsfaktoren zum Risikoausgleich, statistischprobabilistische Verfahren in Betracht gezogen werden. Online-First: 8. Mai 2000     

Nitrate removal to its fate in wetland mesocosm filled with sponge iron: Impact of influent COD/N ratio

• CW-Fe allowed a high-performance of NO₃^‒-N removal at the COD/N ratio of 0. • Higher COD/N resulted in lower chem-denitrification and higher bio-denitrification. • The application of s-Fe⁰ contributed to TIN removal in wetland mesocosm. • s-Fe⁰ changed the main denitrifiers in wetland mesocosm. Sponge iron (s-Fe⁰) is a porous metal with the potential to be an electron donor for denitrification. This study aims to evaluate the feasibility of using s-Fe⁰ as the substrate of wetland mesocosms. Here, wetland mesocosms with the addition of s-Fe⁰ particles (CW-Fe) and a blank control group (CW-CK) were established. The NO₃^‒-N reduction property and water quality parameters (pH, DO, and ORP) were examined at three COD/N ratios (0, 5, and 10). Results showed that the NO₃^‒-N removal efficiencies were significantly increased by 6.6 to 58.9% in the presence of s-Fe⁰. NH₄⁺-N was mainly produced by chemical denitrification, and approximately 50% of the NO₃^‒-N was reduced to NH₄⁺-N, at the COD/ratio of 0. An increase of the influent COD/N ratio resulted in lower chemical denitrification and higher bio-denitrification. Although chemical denitrification mediated by s-Fe⁰ led to an accumulation of NH₄⁺-N at COD/N ratios of 0 and 5, the TIN removal efficiencies increased by 4.5%‒12.4%. Moreover, the effluent pH, DO, and ORP values showed a significant negative correlation with total Fe and Fe (II) (P<0.01). High-throughput sequencing analysis indicated that Trichococcus (77.2%) was the most abundant microorganism in the CW-Fe mesocosm, while Thauera, Zoogloea, and Herbaspirillum were the primary denitrifying bacteria. The denitrifiers, Simplicispira, Dechloromonas, and Denitratisoma, were the dominant bacteria for CW-CK. This study provides a valuable method and an improved understanding of NO₃^‒-N reduction characteristics of s-Fe⁰ in a wetland mesocosm.     

电子鼻检测污染土壤中挥发性氯代烃的适用性研究

开发了一套以光离子化传感器（PID）为核心的电子鼻系统,用于污染土壤中挥发性氯代烃的快速检测.用气相色谱（GC）分析评价了预处理管对苯系物等干扰物质的去除效果;用标准气体发生装置发生不同浓度的四氯乙烯和三氯乙烯气体,比较评价了电子鼻与GC检测结果的吻合程度及测试重现性.在此基础上,选取我国长三角地区三类典型水稻土进行模拟污染土壤的通风净化实验,评价了电子鼻系统用于实时监测挥发性氯代烯烃污染土壤修复进程的可行性.结果表明：①采用RAE-SEP卤代烃分离管进行预处理,甲苯、乙苯等苯系干扰物的去除率可达80%～97%,而四氯乙烯和三氯乙烯等挥发性氯代烃的选择性透过率高于90%;②电子鼻对不同浓度四氯乙烯和三氯乙烯气体的定量检测结果与GC结果相近,线性拟合斜率为1.012,相关系数R2〉0.99;③电子鼻对三类典型土壤通气脱附过程中污染物浓度的变化趋势的实时监测结果与GC检测结果基本一致,判定系数R2〉0.99（n=47）.因此,该电子鼻系统有望用于挥发性氯代烯烃污染土壤的快速检测,提高污染场地的风险评估和修复效率.     

基于FastICA算法的大气监测电子鼻设备的研究探讨

电子鼻是一种由具有部分选择性的化学传感器阵列和适当的模式识别系统组成,能识别简单或复杂气味的仪器,它模拟人的嗅觉系统,检测、分析、识别气味成分,广泛应用于现场污染源排放监测、突发事故现场的应急检测、作业场所安全监测和分析、污染气监测和分析。本设计由气体传感器阵列进行实时实地测量,由DSP芯片进行数据处理,采用盲源分离（BSS）原理,利用独立分量分析（ICA）算法分离出混合前的多个独立信号。便携式电子鼻由于其成本低、易携带、通用性好、能现场即时检测等特点在大气监测领域将会有广阔的应用前景。     

我国电子废弃物收集体系构想

解决中国电子废弃物问题，一是控制电子废弃物进入非正式循环利用者手中；二是把非正式循环利用系统纳入良好的电子废弃物管理系统，使之成为更有效和对环境友好的系统。因此，如何把千家万户废弃的电子废弃物有效收集起来，是关系到电子废弃物管理和循环利用的重要环节。在我国建立良好的电子废弃物收集体系，应以市场经济和目前我国“城乡二元经济”为基础，建立具有收集主体多元化、收集方式多样化，收集途径多渠道等特点的电子废弃物收集体系。     

Beach and patio umbrella injuries treated at emergency departments

Introduction: Beach and patio umbrellas may cause injury. There is limited published information on injuries due to beach and patio umbrellas. This study sought to describe beach and patio umbrella injuries reported to United States emergency departments (EDs). Method: An analysis was performed of beach and patio umbrella injuries using data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System during 2000–2019. Results: An estimated 5,512 beach umbrella injuries and 7,379 patio umbrella injuries were identified. The patient was age 40 years or older in 62.1% of the beach umbrella and 65.1% of the patio umbrella injuries. The patient was female in 68.0% of the beach umbrella and 66.9% of the patio umbrella injuries. Wind was reported involved in 50.6% of the beach umbrella and 27.5% of the patio umbrella injuries. The most frequently reported injuries with beach and patio umbrella injuries, respectively, were laceration (44.0% vs 33.0%), contusions or abrasions (19.8% vs 19.0%), and internal organ injury (16.6% vs 17.0%) and most often affected the head/neck (60.2% vs 44.0%) and upper extremity (16.3% vs 30.1%). Conclusions: The majority of patients with beach and patio umbrella injuries treated at EDs were age 40 years or older and most patients were female. For both types of umbrella injury, the most frequently reported injury was laceration followed by contusions or abrasions and internal organ injury, and the body part with the highest proportion of injuries was the head/neck followed by the upper extremity. Practical Applications: Persons should use sturdier models of beach or patio umbrella, use a rocking motion to dig into the sand and secure the beach umbrella with a metal anchor and screws, add weight to the bottom of the umbrella, and tilt the umbrella into the wind. Policy-makers should educate the public about the potential dangers of beach and patio umbrellas.     

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in e-waste: Level and transfer in a typical e-waste recycling site in Shanghai,Eastern China

Very few data for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were available in the electronic waste (e-waste) as one of the most PBDEs emission source. This study reported concentrations of PBDEs in e-waste including printer, rice cooker, computer monitor, TV, electric iron and water dispenser, as well as dust from e-waste, e-waste dismantling workshop and surface soil from inside and outside of an e-waste recycling plant in Shanghai, Eastern China. The results showed that PBDEs were detected in the majority of e-waste, and the concentrations of ΣPBDEs ranged from not detected to 175 g/kg, with a mean value of 10.8 g/kg. PBDEs were found in TVs made in China after 1990. The mean concentrations of ΣPBDEs in e-waste made in Korea, Japan, Singapore and China were 1.84 g/kg, 20.5 g/kg, 0.91 g/kg, 4.48 g/kg, respectively. The levels of ΣPBDEs in e-waste made in Japan far exceed the threshold limit of RoHS (1.00 g/kg). BDE-209 dominated in e-waste, accounting for over 93%. The compositional patterns of PBDEs congeners resembled the profile of Saytex 102E, indicating the source of deca-BDE. Among the samples of dust and surface soil from a typical e-waste recycling site, the highest concentrations of Σ₁₈PBDEs and BDE-209 were found in dust in e-waste, ranging from 1960 to 340,710 ng/g and from 910 to 320,400 ng/g, which were 1–2 orders of magnitude higher than other samples. It suggested that PBDEs released from e-waste via dust, and then transferred to surrounding environment.     

电子设备的机械防护设计

机械防护设计是电子设备耐环境设计的重要内容,对提高电子设备的可靠性水平具有现实意义,该文对电子设备的机械防护设计作了一些探讨。     

Examining the technology acceptance for dismantling of waste printed circuit boards in light of recycling and environmental concerns

The dismantling of printed circuit board assemblies (PCBAs) and the recovery of their useful materials can lead to serious environmental impacts mainly due to their complicated physical structure and the variety of toxic elements contained in their material composition. So far, less attention has been paid to their responsible recycling compared to that of bare printed circuit boards. Combined with other materials recovery process, proper dismantling of PCBAs is beneficial to conserve scarce resources, reuse the components, and eliminate or safely dispose of hazardous materials. In analyzing the generation, resources potential and hazardous risk of scrap PCBAs, technologies used for the dismantling of waste PCBAs have been widely investigated and reviewed from the aspects of both industrial application and laboratory-scale studies. In addition, the feasibility of PCBA dismantling has been discussed, the determinants of which, including the heating conditions and mechanical properties have been identified. Moreover, this paper evaluates the environmental consequences caused by the dismantling of PCBAs.     

苏州高新区电子信息业循环经济发展的对策

本论文以产业生态学的角度和循环经济的理念,剖析了苏州高新区电子信息业的现状及问题。继而分别从企业、行业、社会这三个层面重点提出了苏州高新区电子信息业发展循环经济的对策。为其按循环经济的规律运行作了有益的探索,也为其循环经济的顺利开展提供了科学依据。