我国碳排放权交易试点现状及问题分析

分析了碳排放权交易试点市场的政策环境,从准入规则、配额分配、排放核查、交易量与交易价格4个方面介绍了各试点地区碳排放权交易市场的现状,归纳出了我国碳排放交易试点的主要特点;并通过与碳排放交易欧盟体系(EU-ETS)进行对比,提出了我国在碳排放权交易试点工作中存在的主要问题及国际差距,并提出了完善我国碳排放权交易市场的建议。     

基于降低温室效应的航空器运行策略

以航空器运行对环境造成温室效应的两个主要因素—CO_2和凝结尾为研究对象,通过绝对全球温变潜势(AGTP)建立科学统一的衡量标准,将CO_2和凝结尾对环境的影响转换为全球地表温度的改变,为降低温室效应提供依据。最后结合典型高空的探空资料对实际增温进行计算,对比分析25、50、100年时间水平下CO_2和凝结尾对全球地表温度造成的影响,为航空器降低温室效应提供飞行高度指导。     

High-resolution inventory of NO emissions from agricultural soils over the Ile-de-France region

Arable soils are a significant source of nitric oxide (NO), a precursor of tropospheric ozone, and thereby contribute to ozone pollution. However, their actual impact on ozone formation is strongly related to their spatial and temporal emission patterns, which warrant high-resolution estimates.Here, we combined an agro-ecosystem model and geo-referenced databases to map these sources over the 12 000 km² administrative region surrounding Paris, France, with a kilometric level resolution. The six most frequent arable crop species were simulated, with emission rates ranging from 1.4 kg N-NO ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ to 11.1 kg N-NO ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. The overall emission factor for fertilizer-derived NO emissions was 1.7%, while background emissions contributed half of the total NO efflux. Emissions were strongly seasonal, being highest in spring due to fertilizer inputs. They were mostly sensitive to soil type, crops' growing season and fertilizer N rates.     

Exhaust emission inventory of typical construction machinery and its contribution to atmospheric pollutants in Chengdu, China

To study the emission characteristics of typical construction machinery in Chengdu, 12 construction machinery (excavators, bulldozers, loaders, and forklifts) under idling mode, moving mode, and working mode, were tested using a portable emission measurement system (PEMS). Under three operating modes, the typical construction machinery in the working mode was higher in the fuel-based average emission factors of PM_2.5 and NO_x, while the fuel-based average emission factors of HC and CO were higher in idling mode. Integrated the results of investigation on ownership and activity levels of construction machinery, an exhaust emission inventory of typical construction machinery of Chengdu in 2018 was established according to the recommendation method. The annual emission of PM_2.5, NO_x, HC, and CO were 1.67 × 10⁶, 1.61 × 10⁸, 3.83 × 10⁶, and 1.26 × 10⁷ kg, respectively, and the excavator contributed the maximum emissions, accounting for an average proportion of 43.95%. The emission of construction machinery in Chengdu exhibited a clear monthly trend, with the highest from April to October and the lowest from November to March. In addition, the exhaust emissions presented an obvious spot-like characteristics, and the high-value areas were mainly concentrated in the surrounding suburban counties such as Shuangliu Wenjiang etc. To reduce pollution from construction machinery and improve the quality of the atmospheric environment, more effective measures on housing construction and municipal construction should be taken in those districts in Chengdu.     

基于模糊优选和CRITIC法的电力碳排放权区域初始分配——以华东电网区域为例

为科学、合理分配电力行业碳排放权,文章综合考虑公平、效率和可持续发展原则,构建了电力碳排放权分配体系,并利用CRITIC法确定指标权重,运用模糊优选法计算碳排放权初始分配比例,结果表明:单位地区生产总值电耗是最主要的影响因素,公平原则下的电力碳排放量、电力能源消费总量和火力发电量也是重要的影响因素;碳排放量问题是复杂的系统问题,碳排放权初始分配要综合考虑公平性原则、效率性原则和可持续原则。最后,为达到和谐稳定的碳排放权分配方案,希望在以后的研究中加强和谐型评判与改进方法。     

Design and demonstration of a next-generation air quality attainment assessment system for PM2.5 and O3

Due to the increasingly stringent standards, it is important to assess whether the proposed emission reduction will result in ambient concentrations that meet the standards. The Software for Model Attainment Test—Community Edition (SMAT-CE) is developed for demonstrating attainment of air quality standards of O₃ and PM_2.5. SMAT-CE improves computational efficiency and provides a number of advanced visualization and analytical functionalities on an integrated GIS platform. SMAT-CE incorporates historical measurements of air quality parameters and simulated air pollutant concentrations under a number of emission inventory scenarios to project the level of compliance to air quality standards in a targeted future year. An application case study of the software based on the U.S. National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) shows that SMAT-CE is capable of demonstrating the air quality attainment of annual PM_2.5 and 8-hour O₃ for a proposed emission control policy.     

Development and case study of a science-based software platform to support policy making on air quality

This article describes the development and implementations of a novel software platform that supports real-time, science-based policy making on air quality through a user-friendly interface. The software, RSM-VAT, uses a response surface modeling (RSM) methodology and serves as a visualization and analysis tool (VAT) for three-dimensional air quality data obtained by atmospheric models. The software features a number of powerful and intuitive data visualization functions for illustrating the complex nonlinear relationship between emission reductions and air quality benefits. The case study of contiguous U.S. demonstrates that the enhanced RSM-VAT is capable of reproducing the air quality model results with Normalized Mean Bias < 2% and assisting in air quality policy making in near real time.     

安顺煤矿超前排放钻孔有效排放半径研究及应用

为了解决瓦斯排放孔半径测定过程中由于方法选择和操作等原因而出现的测定结果不够准确,以及由此而导致的空白带出现问题,通过现场试验,采用钻屑解吸指标法测定的方法,通过对测定结果进行综合分析、修正,确定安顺煤矿Φ42 mm直径的排放钻孔有效作用半径为R0.25 m,Φ90 mm直径的排放钻孔有效作用半径为R0.55 m,经实践证明是准确和可靠的,排放钻孔措施在实施过程中有效地避免了空白带的出现。     

在用机动车尾气排放检测简易瞬态工况法监管策略

针对简易瞬态工况法机动车尾气排放检测过程中层出不穷的违规检测现象,为对其检测过程实施有效监管,通过分析简易瞬态工况法的检测原理,筛选出可用于监管的车辆基准质量、(CO+CO2)浓度、O2浓度、实时检测尾气流量4个参数,分析其用于监管的原理和理由,并通过五气分析仪漏气实验和实测尾气流量异常案例验证其监管可行性,以期为监管...     

Estimation of the impact of oil palm plantation establishment on greenhouse gas balance

Estimates of emissions indicate that if tropical grassland is rehabilitated by oil palm plantations, carbon fixation in plantation biomass and soil organic matter not only neutralises emissions caused by grassland conversion, but also results in the net removal of about 135 Mg carbon dioxide per hectare from the atmosphere. In contrast, the emission from forest conversion clearly exceeds the potential carbon fixation of oil palm plantings. Forest conversion on mineral soils to promote continued oil palm mono cropping causes a net release of approximately 650 Mg carbon dioxide equivalents per hectare, while the emission from peat forest conversion is even higher due to the decomposition of drained peat and the resulting emission of carbon oxide and nitrous oxide. The conversion of one hectare of forest on peat releases over 1,300 Mg carbon dioxide equivalents during the first 25-year cycle of oil palm growth. Depending on the peat depth, continuous decomposition augments the emission with each additional cycle at a magnitude of 800 Mg carbon dioxide equivalents per hectare. The creation of ‘flexibility mechanisms’ such as the clean development mechanism and emission trading in the Kyoto Protocol could incorporate plantations as carbon sinks in the effort to meet emission targets. Thus, for the oil palm industry, grassland rehabilitation is an option to preserve natural forest, avoid emissions and, if the sequestered carbon becomes tradable, an opportunity to generate additional revenue. Readers should send their comments on this paper to BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.