中意合作上海空气污染排放监测经验探讨

在大气污染领域的监测、科研和环境管理工作中,采取国际合作的方式有利于促进技术进步和提高研究能力。中意环保部门在上海探索开展了空气污染排放合作监测,针对重点污染源建筑施工、燃煤锅炉和机动车的空气污染排放。通过总结双方在方法研究、方案设计和实施、仪器配置和应用、人员培训等方面的合作经验,分析存在问题,以期为今后继续开展中外合作提供借鉴和奠定基础。     

排污权定价机制初探

第一次系统地提出了排污权定价机制,深入剖析了排污权定价的4个原则,为解决排污权有偿使用和交易中的核心技术问题提供了有益的探索,从而推动了我国排污权有偿使用和交易的进程。     

Estimation of vegetative mercury emissions in China

Vegetative mercury emissions were estimated within the framework of Biogenic Emission Inventory System (BEIS3 V3.11). In this estimation, the 19 categories of U.S. Geological Survey landcover data were incorporated to generate the vegetation-specific mercury emissions in a 81-km Lambert Conformal model grid covering the total Chinese continent. The surface temperature and cloud-corrected solar radiation from a Mesoscale Meteorological model (MM5) were retrieved and used for calculating the diurnal variation...     

ICP发射光谱仪锌元素检出限不确定度分析

依据JJG1059-1999对ICP发射光谱仪锌元素检出限的不确定度进行了评估,分析了影响测量不确定度的各个因素,计算得出ICP发射光谱仪锌元素检出限的扩展不确定度为:U=0.00066(μg.mL-1),k=2。     

北京市压缩天然气公交车的环境效果分析

经过对北京市2007年公交车队的详细技术构成与实际运营情况的调研,发现北京市公交车队的主力车型为国三和国四车辆,应用修正的COPERTIV模型计算出北京市各技术水平的汽油、柴油和压缩天然气(CNG)公交车的排放因子.2007年北京市国三CNG公交车PM2.5和NOx单车排放因子分别比国三柴油车削减了97%和30%,而公交车队中排放控制最为严格的EEV天然气公交车的PM2.5和NOx单车排放因子分别比国四柴油公交车削减了93%和69%.但由于CNG公交车的CH4排放水平较高,导致CNG公交车的总碳氢化合物(THC)单车排放因子显著高于相近控制水平的柴油公交车.在单车排放水平的基础上建立了北京市公交车排放清单,2007年北京市公交车排放的CO、NMHC、THC、NOx和PM2.5分别为9051t、955t、1222t、8553t和161t.与没有CNG公交车的对照情景进行比较,在使用了CNG公交车后,2007年北京市公交车CO、NMHC、NOx和PM2.5排放总量分别削减了293t、62t、775t和33t,削减比例分别为3.1%、6.1%、8.3%和17.2%.2007年北京市通过在公交车队中使用CNG车辆共减少了柴油消耗量约5.0×104t,相当于北京市各行业柴油总消耗量的2.6%.2007年北京市公交车尾气排放的温室气体的CO2当量为8.3×105t,比不使用CNG车辆的情景略微增加了2.4%.     

辽宁省电力行业CO2减排措施的研究

通过采用调查与统计年鉴数据相结合的方法,计算出辽宁省电力行业CO2排放量,结果表明,辽宁省电力行业的CO2排放量为1．52亿t,占辽宁省CO2总排放量的43．80％。其中,大连电力行业的CO2排放量居辽宁省电力行业第1位,铁岭、抚顺和葫芦岛分别排在2、3、4位。并提出削减辽宁省电力行业CO2排放量的措施     

CFB锅炉多点排放二氧化硫污染预测

循环流化床锅炉（CFB）多点排放时,直接测量分析对环境的影响较为困难。为了确定其中SO2对环境的影响,通过对鼢在CFB锅炉生产过程中的生成、转化和大气中的扩散分析,建立了多点排放的SO2污染预测正态分布模型。模型结果表明,多点排放时大气SO2的浓度分布仍满足正态分布特征,并较好地反映了最大落地浓度及位置,这对于依据区域大气SO2总量控制,确保和提高设备与工艺系统的清洁生产能力提供了可行依据。     

Carbonaceous aerosols in PM10 and pollution gases in winter in Beijing

An intensive observation of organic carbon (OC) and element carbon (EC) in PM10 and gaseous materials (SO2, CO, and O3,) was conducted continuously to assess the characteristics of wintertime carbonaceous aerosols in an urban area of Beijing, China. Results showed that the averaged total carbon (TC) and PM10 concentrations in observation period are 30.2±120.4 and 172.6±198.3 μ/m3, respectively. Average OC concentration in nighttime (24.9±19.6 μ/m3) was 40% higher than that in daytime (17.7±10.9 μ/m3). Average EC concentrations in daytime (8.8±15.2 μ/m3) was close to that in nighttime (8.9±15.1 μ/m3). The OC/EC ratios in nighttime ranging from 2.4 to 2.7 are higher than that in daytime ranging from 1.9 to 2.0. The concentrations of OC, EC, PM10 were low with strong winds and high with weak winds. The OC and EC were well correlated with PM10, CO and SO2, which implies they have similar sources. OC and EC were not well correlated with O3. By considering variation of OC/EC ratios in daytime and night time, correlations between OC and O3, and meteorological condition, we speculated that OC and EC in Beijing PM10 were emitted as the primary particulate form. Emission of motor vehicle with low OC/EC ratio and coal combustion sources with high OC/EC ratio are probably the dominant sources for carbonaceous aerosols in Beijing in winter. A simple method was used to estimate the relative contribution of sources to carbonaceous aerosols in Beijing PM10. Motor vehicle source accounts for 80% and 68%, while coal combustion accounts for 20% and 32% in daytime and nighttime, respectively in Beijing. Averagely, the motor vehicle and coal combustion accounted for 74% and 26%, respectively, for carbonaceous aerosols during the observation period. It points to the motor vehicle is dominant emission for carbonaceous aerosols in Beijing PM10 in winter period, which should be paid attention to control high level of PM10 in Beijing effectively.     

沈抚灌渠(抚顺段)水环境状况及污染减排对策研究

基于沈抚灌渠(抚顺段)高污染、高排放的特点,设计了一套生态环保型污染减排对策,在沈抚灌渠东部起点处建设东洲再生水厂及传输污水管线工程;在中西部建海城污水处理厂及污水截流工程;在西部的抚顺开发区段采用生态修复技术对出市前的污水进行综合整治和处理,采取治污、清淤、引水和两岸景观建设四项措施,使沈抚灌渠水质达到地表水Ⅳ标准.