中国环境内分泌干扰物的污染现状分析

内分泌干扰物严重威胁着全球环境和生态健康,基于人为源内分泌干扰物的分类,分析了国内内分泌干扰物的污染现状,指出了目前研究工作的局限,提出了今后研究重点及污染控制的建议。     

环境激素对水蚤的影响

存在于环境中的环境激素是以某种方式干扰正常内分泌功能的天然或合成的化合物。地水蚤在水生生态系统及生态风险评价中的重要位置与作用,探讨水蚤暴露于一些常见环境激素时,其受激素调节的生殖和蜕皮过程所受到的影响及相应机理很有必要。     

4-n-Nonylphenol and 17-β estradiol may induce common DNA effects in developing barnacle larvae

There is a growing concern over the potential effects of environmental endocrine disrupters on both human and wildlife populations. However, to date, minimal research has been conducted to determine the effect of estrogens and xenoestrogens at the DNA level. In this study, we used the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay to evaluate the effects on the genomic DNA of barnacle larvae that had been exposed to 17β-estradiol (E₂) and low concentrations of 4-n-nonylphenol (NP). DNA effects include DNA damage as well as mutations and possibly other effects at the DNA level that can be induced by chemical or physical agents that directly and/or indirectly interact with genomic DNA. Not only did exposure to NP and E₂ induce changes in RAPD profiles in the exposed barnacle larvae when compared to control patterns, but also, and more importantly, there were similarities in the RAPD modifications in the exposed populations that had been treated to either chemical. We propose that NP and E₂ induced some common DNA effects in barnacle larvae and that these specific modifications in RAPD patterns may arise as a consequence of hot spot DNA damage (e.g. DNA adducts) and/or mutations (point mutations or genomic rearrangements). This could help to explain how xenoestrogens mimic the effects produced by natural estrogens. In conclusion, in the field of endocrine disruption, the study of DNA effects induced by estrogens and/or xenoestrogens warrants further investigation. Indeed, changes at the DNA level may be the precursors of some of the numerous effects reported at higher levels of biological organisation such as the feminization of males, developmental abnormalities, and infertility.     

缺水重污染河流可溶性金属Pb水质基准研究

以渭河陕西段作为研究对象,采用USEPA制定的淡水可溶性金属基准计算参数与公式以及对比分析等方法,对渭河陕西段中具有环境内分泌干扰物特性的可溶性金属铅(Pb)的水质基准(WQC)进行了研究.结果认为:可将0.0113 mg/L作为渭河陕西段淡水可溶性金属Pb的基准推荐值,该基准推荐值可对渭河陕西段中可溶性金属Pb的地方水质标准制定提供科学的技术数据参考.     

Use of sub-micron sized resin particles for removal of endocrine disrupting compounds and pharmaceuticals from water and wastewater

Endocrine disrupting compounds(EDCs) and pharmaceuticals pose a challenge for water and wastewater treatment because they exist at very low concentrations in the presence of substances at much higher concentrations competing for adsorption sites.Sub-micron sized resin particles(approximately 300 nm in diameter)(SMR) were tested to evaluate their potential as a treatment for EDCs including:17-β estradiol(E2),17-α ethinylestradiol(EE2),estrone(E1),bisphenol A(BPA),and diethylstilbestrol(DES) as well as 12 pharmaceuticals.SMR were able to remove 98%of spiked E2,80%of EE2,87%of BPA,and up to 97%of DES from water.For a 0.5 ppm mixture of E2,EE2,E1,BPA and DES,the minimum removal was24%(E2) and the maximum was 49%(DES).They were also able to remove the pharmaceuticals from deionized water and wastewater.Overall,SMR are a promising advanced treatment for removal of both EDCs and pharmaceuticals.     

环境糖皮质激素受体干扰物的研究进展

综述了糖皮质激素受体干扰物的作用机制和生态效应,列举了多种活性筛选方法,并根据性质对干扰物进行了种类的划分。在当前环境糖皮质激素受体干扰物研究的基础上,指出了作用机制的研究不全面、个体生物筛选方法匮乏、缺少可信的活性模拟预测技术等问题,并提出了应借助模式生物完善作用机制研究,在此基础上建立稳定、高通量的个体生物活性筛选方法和动力学过程模拟替代技术用以活性预测等发展方向。     

徐州地区地下水中内分泌干扰物的监测与风险评估

采用液相色谱-串联质谱法测定徐州地区地下水中内分泌干扰物,并用雌二醇当量EEQ计算法和风险熵RQ计算法分别对其活性和生态风险水平分析评价。结果表明,徐州地区地下水中不含雌酮(E1)、雌二醇(E2)、雌三醇(E3)、炔雌醇(EE2)等内分泌干扰物,只含有双酚A(BPA),且最高值达26.45 ng/L,提出应把BPA作为控制重点。     

A review of personal care products in the aquatic environment: environmental concentrations and toxicity

Considerable research has been conducted examining occurrence and effects of human use pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment; however, relatively little research has been conducted examining personal care products although they are found more often and in higher concentrations than pharmaceuticals. Personal care products are continually released into the aquatic environment and are biologically active and persistent. This article examines the acute and chronic toxicity data available for personal care products and highlights areas of concern. Toxicity and environmental data were synergized to develop a preliminary hazard assessment in which only triclosan and triclocarban presented any hazard. However, numerous PCPs including triclosan, paraben preservatives, and UV filters have evidence suggesting endocrine effects in aquatic organisms and thus need to be investigated and incorporated in definitive risk assessments. Additional data pertaining to environmental concentrations of UV filters and parabens, in vivo toxicity data for parabens, and potential for bioaccumulation of PCPs needs to obtained to develop definitive aquatic risk assessments.     

The effects of dissolved organic matter and pH on sampling rates for polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS)

The effect of solution pH and levels of dissolved organic matter (DOM) on the sampling rates for model pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and endocrine disrupting substance (EDS) by polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) was investigated in laboratory experiments. A commercially available POCIS configuration containing neutral Oasis HLB (hydrophilic-lipophilic balance) resin (i.e. pharmaceutical POCIS) and two POCIS configurations prepared in-house containing MAX and MCX anion and cation exchange resins, respectively were tested for uptake of 21 model PPCPs and EDS, including acidic, phenolic, basic and neutral compounds. Laboratory experiments were conducted with dechlorinated tap water over a pH range of 3, 7 and 9. The effects of DOM were studied using natural water from an oligotrophic lake in Ontario, Canada (i.e. Plastic Lake) spiked with different amounts of DOM (the concentration of dissolved organic carbon ranged from 3 to 5 mg L⁻¹ in uptake experiments). In experiments with the commercial (HLB) POCIS, the MCX-POCIS and the MAX-POCIS, the sampling rates generally increased with pH for basic compounds and declined with pH for acidic compounds. However, the sampling rates were relatively constant across the pH range for phenols with high pKa values (i.e. bisphenol A, estrone, estradiol, triclosan) and for the neutral pharmaceutical, carbamazepine. Thus, uptake was greatest when the amount of the neutral species in solution was maximized relative to the ionized species. Although the solution pH affected the uptake of some model ionic compounds, the effect was by less than a factor of 3. There was no significant effect of DOM on sampling rates from Plastic Lake. However, uptake rates in different aqueous matrixes declined in the order of deionized water > Plastic Lake water > dechlorinated tap water, so other parameters must affect uptake into POCIS, although this influence will be minor. MAX-POCIS and MCX-POCIS showed little advantage over the commercial POCIS configuration for monitoring in natural waters.