Report of A Survey of the State of the Environment in the Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania

In connection with the change in economic principles and disintegration of big industrial enterprises, the environmental pollution in Baltic States decreased considerably in 1991-1996. Although there are still many things waiting to be done, the improvement of the Baltic environmental situation during the years of independence gives us a cause to be optimistic.     

一次特大沙尘暴对乌鲁木齐市环境空气质量的影响分析

通过对2001年5月11日乌鲁木齐市发生的特大沙尘暴及同期有关监测数据进行分析比较，指出乌鲁木齐市沙尘暴中的主要污染物为空气中的可吸入颗粒物，其成因除自然环境因素处，还与城市扬尘有关。     

Characterizing and Controlling Industrial Dust: A Case Study in Small Particle Measurement

Instrumentation used to measure characteristics of fine particles entrained in gas or suspended in aerosols provides information needed to develop valid regulations for emission sources and to support the design of control technologies. This case study offers a brief history of micromeritics, a term used by early researchers to describe the science of small particles, and the related invention of laboratory instruments for characterizing very fine particles. The historical view provides insights into the role that Progressive Era government agencies played in advancing esoteric science and applying this knowledge to the regulation of workplace air pollution. Micromeritics instrumentation developed in conjunction with federal research now has many commercial applications worldwide, with characterizing airborne pollutants only a minor one. However, the continuing advances in the micromeritics field provide important laboratory measurement capabilities to environmental research organizations, such as the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).     

Assessing the Effects of Non-Point Source Pollution on American Samoa’s Coral Reef Communities

Surveys were completed on Tutuila Island, American Samoa, to characterize reef development and assess the impacts of non-point source pollution on adjacent coral reefs at six sites. Multivariate analyses of benthic and coral community data found similar modern reef development at three locations; Aoa, Alofau, and Leone. These sites are situated in isolated bays with gentle sloping foundations. Aoa reefs had the highest estimates of crustose coralline algae cover and coral species richness, while Leone and Alofau showed high abundances of macroalgae and Porites corals. Aoa has the largest reef flat between watershed discharge and the reef slope, and the lowest human population density. Masefau and Fagaalu have a different geomorphology consisting of cemented staghorn coral fragments and steep slopes, however, benthic and coral communities were not similar. Benthic data suggest Fagaalu is heavily impacted compared with all other sites. Reef communities were assessed as bio-criteria indicators for waterbody health, using the EPA aquatic life use support designations of (1) fully supportive, (2) partially supportive, and (3) non-supportive for aquatic life. All sites resulted in a partially supportive ranking except Fagaalu, which was non-supportive. The results of this rapid assessment based upon relative benthic community measures are less desirable than long-term dataset analyses from monitoring programs, however it fills an important role for regulatory agencies required to report annual waterbody assessments. Future monitoring sites should be established to increase the number of replicates within each geological and physical setting to allow for meaningful comparisons along a gradient of hypothesized pollution levels.     

污染源水质自动监测系统数据质量保障措施研究

近年来,在我国工业化规模不断扩大、工业项目不断增多的影响下,水资源的污染问题愈发严峻,对人们的生命健康安全造成了巨大影响。所以,水质监测部门要充分利用先进的水质监测技术和设备,对污染源水质实施连续不间断的监测,有效提高水质监测数据质量。本文主要提出了几点保障污染源水质自动监测系统数据质量的措施,供相关人员借鉴采纳。     

基于遗传-BP算法的煤矿安全监控系统测试研究

针对煤矿监控系统的测试要求,提出了一种自动生成测试用例数据的方法用于煤矿监控系统的测试任务。该方法利用遗传算法和BP算法对要测试的功能模块和逻辑结构进行分析解读,通过全局寻优得出最佳测试路径和测试数据,对于提高测试的精准性和有效性有很大优势,而且相对与人工测试更加安全。新的测试用例生成算法结合遗传算法和BP算法,能充分发挥遗传算法的全局寻优能力和BP算法学习能力强的优势,使得数据生成更快捷可靠。选取煤矿监控系统的部分功能测试作为实验材料,与人工测试方法和利用遗传该算法生成测试数据进行了比较。结果表明,该新方法能够更好的检测出煤矿监控系统中的错误,发现错误的数量和时间都较人工测试要好,对于提高煤矿安全监控系统的准确性和稳定性有较好的帮助。     

煤矿井下粉尘监测、防治技术的现状与趋势

粉尘危害职工身体健康,威胁矿井安全生产,缩短设备、仪器使用寿命,是我国煤矿普遍存在的五大自然灾害之一.粉尘监测与粉尘防治是解决粉尘问题的两个有效且不可分割的手段.介绍了井下粉尘监测仪器及监测方法;总结了目前粉尘防治的四种思路:减尘、降尘、排尘、隔尘,提出减尘是粉尘防治最根本的方法,并详细论述了防治技术的研究现状,分析了存在的一些问题.最后,展望了粉尘监测、防治技术的发展趋势,期望为我国煤矿粉尘监测、防治工作及以后的研究工作提供新的思路.     

基于微地震监测的华丰煤矿深孔爆破防冲技术

为提高深孔爆破措施对防治华丰煤矿冲击地压的有效性,采用微地震监测技术连续监测其1410工作面围岩破裂情况。根据采场附近岩层"破裂-应力"对应关系,得到工作面前方、侧向及垂直方向上的支承压力峰值区,由此确定深孔爆破卸压的具体参数。结果表明:卸压孔深40 m(倾向投影为4倍采高)时,爆破对煤岩的整体性破坏明显,煤岩体中积聚的弹性能得到释放。监测期间共释放能量9.47 MJ,高应力区向煤岩深部转移,采场附近形成一定的卸载区域,减弱或消除了煤岩体的冲击危险性。     

松花江干流2014~2019年夏季着生藻类群落结构特征及其对环境因子的响应

着生藻类的群落特征常被用作评价水生态环境质量的重要指标.通过对2014~2019年夏季松花江干流着生藻类的群落结构特征及其对环境因子的响应关系分析,对松花江干流的水生态环境质量状况及变化趋势进行探讨.结果表明,2014~2019年夏季松花江干流共鉴定着生藻类4门和58属.其中硅藻门28属、绿藻门17属,蓝藻门10属和裸藻门3属.流域主要组成物种为硅藻门、绿藻门和蓝藻门,分别占总数48.28%、29.31%和17.24%.着生藻类细胞密度平均值为4.35×10⁴ ind·cm^-3,变化范围在1.29×10⁴~8.42×10⁴ ind·cm^-3之间,优势属主要为硅藻门小环藻属（Cyclotella）、直链藻属（Melosira）、星杆藻属（Asterionella）、桥弯藻属（Cymbella）、针杆藻属（Synedra）、羽纹藻属（Pinnularia）、舟形藻属（Navicula）和绿藻门的栅藻属（Scenedesmus）等.分析松花江干流水环境质量演变趋势,溶解氧含量逐年升高,氨氮、总磷和总氮含量呈先升高后下降趋势,2019年水体改善效果显著.运用冗余分析（RDA）探究着生藻类与环境因子间的变化关系,发现驱动松花江干流着生藻类群落结构演替的主要环境因子随时间推移而有所变化,溶解氧、氨氮、总氮、总磷和生化需氧量等指标是这一区域着生藻类种类分布的重要环境影响因子.     

中意合作上海空气污染排放监测经验探讨

在大气污染领域的监测、科研和环境管理工作中,采取国际合作的方式有利于促进技术进步和提高研究能力。中意环保部门在上海探索开展了空气污染排放合作监测,针对重点污染源建筑施工、燃煤锅炉和机动车的空气污染排放。通过总结双方在方法研究、方案设计和实施、仪器配置和应用、人员培训等方面的合作经验,分析存在问题,以期为今后继续开展中外合作提供借鉴和奠定基础。