三峡水库1956—2017年坝下径流特征分析

采用三峡水库坝下宜昌水文站1956—2017年日径流监测数据和长江上游80个国家气象站年均降水量长系列资料,利用一元线性分析法、滑动平均法、线性趋势回归法、非参数统计检验法、Mann-Kendall秩次相关、累积距平法和滑动T检验法分析三峡工程运行前后坝下径流的变化特征,其成果可为三峡工程调度提供参考。结果表明:三峡水库坝下宜昌水文站径流量变化趋势具有显著阶段性。三峡水库蓄水运行前宜昌水文站径流量和上游降水量相关性超过90%,该时期径流量主要受上游天然来水影响。三峡水库运行后,径流量主要受人类活动影响。宜昌水文站径流年际变化减少趋势不显著,长江上游降水量呈显著减少趋势。坝下径流量和上游降水量在2002年发生了突变且变化趋势相同,但径流量减少趋势不显著。径流年内分布发生了一定变化,其中汛期径流量占年径流总量百分比从72%下降到66%,枯期径流量占年径流量总量百分比从11%增加到15%。三峡工程调蓄是人类活动的直接表现,枯期宜昌水文站径流量增大是三峡工程生态效益的具体体现。     

发达国家禁用（或限用）含磷洗衣粉措施

在有关文献的基础上，分析世界主要发达国家实施禁用（或限用）含磷洗衣粉措施的背景状况及所取得的效果，提出禁用（或限用）含磷洗衣粉不是解决水体富营养化问题的唯一途径，应根据各地实际情况选择“禁磷”，兴建三级污水处理设施和实施湖区生态恢复工程等综合治理措施。     

中国环境税的研究与实践

阐述了国外（尤其是OECD国家）环境税的发展趋势，总结了我国环境税的研究和实践经验，指出中国目前还没有真正的环境税，只有几个与环境和资源有关的税种；政府和公众对环境保护认识的提高、环境问题的严重性以及环保投入的加大，将促使中国实施真正的环境税。     

滇池的富营养化现状分析及其防治对策

分析了滇池的富营养化发展状况及其产生的危害，针对滇池污染的原因和造成富营养化的因素，提出了防治对策。     

浅议白云山酸雨现状与发展趋势

通过对广州白云山1994～2004年10年降水监测结果分析及其对白云山酸雨现状调查,分析酸雨产生的原因和发展趋势,并对控制和降低酸雨污染提出建议.     

福州西湖水体富营养化现象分析（Ⅲ） Ⅲ、浮游植物群落结构

湖泊浮游植物的种类组成和数量不仅反映湖泊水体富营养水平，还直接影响到湖泊的水质状况。1999年夏至2000年春对福州西湖浮游植物群落结构 监测结果显示，福州西湖浮游植物种类丰富，但密度过大。采取有力措施，减少营养盐输入量， 是改善西湖富营养现状的当务之急。     

Atmospheric Dust Loads and Their Elemental Composition at a Background Site in India

Air particulate samples collected during 1995–96 ata background site situated on the east coast of Thar Desert inRajsthan State of India were analysed for atmospheric dustloads (Suspended Particulate Matter) and elemental composition.The values of SPM ranged from 9 g M^-3 to 97g M^-3 with an average of 43 g M^-3 except a fewepisodic values, which were 3 to 5 times higher than the averageduring summer months. The results for elemental composition ofthe particulate samples showed that the concentrations ofanthropogenic toxic trace elements viz. Br, Cr, Pb, Sb, Se and Znare lower by a factor of 2 to 10 as compared to urban areas. Thehigh enrichment factors for anthropogenic elements viz. Br, Pb,Sb and Zn show an input from coal/wood fuel burning andvehicular pollution at the sampling site. The depletion of Si inSPM samples shows long distance transport of dust to the samplingsite.     

Meteorological normalisation and non-parametric smoothing for quality assessment and trend analysis of tropospheric ozone data

Despite extensive efforts to ensure that sampling and installation and maintenance of instruments are as efficient as possible when monitoring air pollution data, there is still an indisputable need for statistical post processing (quality assessment). We examined data on tropospheric ozone and found that meteorological normalisation can reveal (i) errors that have not been eliminated by established procedures for quality assurance and control of collected data, as well as (ii) inaccuracies that may have a detrimental effect on the results of statistical tests for temporal trends. Moreover, we observed that the quality assessment of collected data could be further strengthened by combining meteorological normalisation with non-parametric smoothing techniques for seasonal adjustment and detection of sudden shifts in level. Closer examination of apparent trends in tropospheric ozone records from EMEP (European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme) sites in Finland showed that, even if potential raw data errors were taken into account, there was strong evidence of upward trends during winter and early spring.     

Effects of Antecedent Streamflow and Sample Timing on Trend Assessments of Fish,Invertebrate, and Diatom Communities

Detecting trends in biological attributes is central to many stream monitoring programs; however, understanding how natural variability in environmental factors affects trend results is not well understood. We evaluated the influence of antecedent streamflow and sample timing (covariates) on trend estimates for fish, invertebrate, and diatom taxa richness and biological condition from 2002 to 2012 at 51 sites distributed across the conterminous United States. A combination of linear regression and Kendall‐tau test for trends were used to evaluate covariate influence on trend estimates. Adjusting for covariates changed the magnitude of trend estimates in two‐thirds of cases on average by 21%, most often reducing the estimated magnitude of the trend. Additionally, covariates influenced the interpretation of over one‐third of trend estimates by either strengthening or weakening trends after adjustment. Our findings clearly indicate that antecedent streamflow and sample timing influences trend estimates and subsequent interpretation. Accounting for covariates during trend analysis will enhance stream monitoring programs by providing a better understanding and interpretation of estimated changes in biological endpoints at monitored sites. Failure to account for antecedent streamflow and sample timing may lead to mischaracterization of a trend and/or misunderstanding of potential causes.     

Response of organic carbon burial to trophic level changes in a shallow eutrophic lake in SE China

Lakes are an important component of terrestrial carbon cycling. As the trend of eutrophication in many lakes continues, the mechanisms of organic carbon(OC) burial remain unclear. This paper aims to understand the distribution of OC and the effect of trophic level changes on OC burial in Chaohu Lake, a shallow eutrophic lake located in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, SE China. Two hundred and one surface sediment samples(0–20 cm) and 53 subsurface samples(150–200 cm) from the lake were collected.The OC accumulation rates(OCARs) are relatively low, with an average of 10.01 g/m2/year in the surface sediments. The spatial distribution of the OCARs is similar to that of allochthonous OC. The difference in total phosphate(TP) content between the surface and subsurface sediments(ΔTP) is significantly correlated with the autochthonous OC,suggesting that TP loading is a critical limiting nutrient for the lake's primary productivity.It is concluded that allochthonous OC is the dominant source of total OC in surface sediments compared to autochthonous OC. The primary productivity of Lake Chaohu increased due to increasing nutrient loading. However, the autochthonous OC contributed11% of the total OC in the surface sediments. This could be ascribed to strong mineralization in the water column or surface sediments.