Eutrophication: Early warning signals,ecosystem-level and societal responses,and ways forward: This article belongs to Ambio’s 50th Anniversary Collection. Theme: Eutrophication

Eutrophication, i.e. nutrient over-enrichment, has been a topic for academic and societal debate for the past five decades both on land and in aquatic systems fed by nutrients as diffuse loading from agricultural lands and as wastewater from industrial and municipal point-sources. The use of nutrients (primarily nitrogen and phosphorus) in excess became a problem with the onset of large-scale production and use of artificial fertilizers after World War II, and the effects on the aquatic environment became obvious some two to three decades later. In this Perspective, four seminal papers on eutrophication are discussed in light of the current knowledge of the problem, including future perspectives and outlooks in the light of global climate change and the demand for science-based holistic ecosystem-level policies and management options.     

daNUbs: Lessons learned for nutrient management in the Danube Basin and its relation to Black Sea euthrophication

The results of the daNUbs-project deliver a basis for a proper management of nutrients in the Danube Basin. The understanding of the sources, pathways, and sinks of nutrients in the Basin and their effects on the Western ad North-Western Black Sea (WBS) ecosystem has been improved. Quantitative models on the emission of nutrients, their transport along the rivers, and their impact on the WBS have been further developed and combined. Phosphorus loads discharged by the Danube are 30-50% lower than in the 1980s (dissolved P even to a higher extent). Nitrogen emissions have decreased considerably as well. The lower nutrient discharges from the Danube have led to a significant improvement in the WBS ecosystem. Current low discharges of N and P to the WBS are the result of (1) improved nutrient removal from waste water in Germany, Austria, and Czech Republic, (2) reduced P-discharges from detergents and (3) the consequences of the economic crisis in central and eastern European countries following the political changes of 1989/1990. As the decrease is partly due to the economic breakdown in the formerly communist countries, economic development in these countries has to go along with proper nutrient management. Otherwise, the situation in the WBS ecosystem will deteriorate again.     

东太湖的由来及其演变趋势

在太湖的历史中,洞庭东山仅仅是太湖中的一个孤岛,由于它周围逐步被淤后和太湖平原连结在一起形成了东山半岛,东山半岛把整个大太湖水面分隔成“东太湖”与“西太湖”。“东太湖”的面积只占整个大太湖总面积的5.6%,而汛期时,其行洪水量却占整个太湖行洪总量的71.9%。治理东太湖,延长太湖的衰亡过程,对太湖地区的防洪抗灾工作有很重要的积极意义。     

苏15井水位趋势异常特征与江苏中强地震关系初探

在总结井孔水位异常的中长期、短期(临震)、后效不同阶段特征的基础上,提出三项异常指标:1、水位反向,速率(?)≥-20mm/月,V_(max)≥-40mm/月;2、异常幅度,H≥130mm;3、异常时间,T≥3月。井孔的5次水位趋势异常中,与3次江苏省5～6级中强震和1次南京地区3.1级地方震的对应关系较好,映震能力达0.8,不失为单井预测预报中强地震的一种有效方法而具推广价值。     

不同气候情景下甘肃草地碳收支时空模拟与预测

在碳达峰、碳中和的背景下,草地碳汇是实现碳中和的关键路径.基于第六次国际耦合模式比较计划（CMIP6）气候情景数据,运用Daycent模型对甘肃草地2015~2100年碳收支进行模拟,并利用趋势分析法研究未来78 a草地碳收支的时空变化规律.结果表明,SSP245未来气候情景下,净生态系统生产力（NEP）呈不显著波动下降趋势,速率（以C计,下同）达-0.20 g ·（m² ·a）^-1,且该情景下草地碳汇处于下降状态;SSP585未来气候情景下,草地NEP以1.36 g ·（m² ·a）^-1的速率呈显著波动上升趋势,草地碳汇逐渐增加;草地碳收支的空间分布由西北向东南递增;SSP585气候情景下的温度和降水的增幅高于SSP245的气候情景,且草地碳收支与降水量的变动具有一致性,与温度的变化呈反向关系.研究明确了在不同气候情景下甘肃草地的碳汇强度,对有效固碳有参考和促进作用.     

基于OMI数据研究中国对流层甲醛时空分布特征及变化趋势

利用OMI卫星遥感反演的甲醛柱浓度数据,结合MEGAN模式和MEIC排放清单研究了2005—2016年中国对流层甲醛柱浓度的时空特征和长期变化趋势,以及甲醛柱浓度的季节差异与排放源和地面风场的关系.结果表明,中国对流层甲醛柱浓度呈西低东高的空间分布特征,且高值区域主要分布在华北平原、长江三角洲、珠江三角洲及四川盆地等人为源排放较高的中东部地区.中国甲醛柱浓度存在明显的季节差异,表现为夏季秋季春季冬季.天然源VOCs和人为源VOCs排放均对甲醛柱浓度季节变化具有重要影响,光化学反应与气象条件在其中所起到的作用也不可忽略.生物源排放变化对甲醛年际变化趋势的影响不显著,中国东部地区甲醛柱浓度呈上升趋势主要是由于气候变率和人为因素的共同影响所致.     

Stable-isotope probing of bacterial community for dissolved inorganic carbon utilization in Microcystis aeruginosa-dominated eutrophic water

Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) is an important source of carbon in aquatic ecosystems, especially under conditions of increased frequency of cyanobacterial bloom. However, the importance of bacteria in direct or indirect utilization of DIC has been widely overlooked in eutrophic freshwater. To identify the functional bacteria that can actively utilize DIC in eutrophic freshwater during cyanobacterial bloom, stable-isotope probing (SIP) experiments were conducted on eutrophic river water with or without inoculation with cyanobacteria (Microcystis aeruginosa). Our 16S rRNA sequencing results revealed the significance of Betaproteobacteria, with similar relative abundance as Alphaproteobacteria, in the active assimilation of H¹³CO₃^? into their DNA directly or indirectly, which include autotrophic genera Betaproteobacterial ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. Other bacterial groups containing autotrophic members, e.g. Planctomycetes and Nitrospira, also presented higher abundance among free-living bacteria in water without cyanobacteria. Microcystis aggregates showed a preference for some specific bacterial members that may utilize H¹³CO₃^? metabolized by Microcystis as organic matter, e.g. Bacteroidetes (Cytophagales, Sphingobacteriales), and microcystin-degrading bacteria Betaproteobacteria (Paucibacter/Burkholderiaceae). This study provides some valuable information regarding the functional bacteria that can actively utilize DIC in eutrophic freshwater.     

高原内陆河流域气候水文突变与生态演变规律——以内蒙古锡林河和巴拉格尔河流域为例

以内蒙古锡林河和巴拉格尔河流域为研究对象,利用数理统计、Mann-Kendall突变检验、气候倾向法、克里金空间插值等方法,综合遥感信息解译,辨析近55a不同高原内陆河流域气温-降水-径流突变与生态演变规律,结果表明：锡林河流域干旱程度较巴拉格尔河流域剧烈,气温总体偏高,降水量、径流深偏枯,降水、径流天数偏少,且径流系数偏低;锡林河流域气温增温趋势较显著,气温突变较早,两地增温速率均大于0.2℃/10a;在年尺度,两地径流系数、降水量、径流量的突变时间、顺序、驱动因素和突变前后变化量存在较大差异;在季节尺度,两地降水空间分布差异较大;两地NDVI最大值与冬季降水分布特征趋同,均分布于上游河谷区.     

水工学的发展趋势——从传统水工学到生态水工学

我国水资源时空分布不均，水污染与水土流失问题突出，仅靠传统水工学的开发与利用不足以解决这些问题，且会给流域生态环境带来不利影响，因此传统水工学的变革是必然的。从解决问题的基本思路出发，将传统水工学与生态水工学的基本理论、研究范围等各方面加以比较，指出在坚持人与自然和谐共处的前提下，坚持可持续发展，遵循生态系统自组织、自修复原理，重视流域整体性，坚持保护生物多样性，并做到较好的亲水性，可以形成完善的生态水工学基本原理。以生态水工学基本原理指导流域开发利用将会取得较好效果，同时,流域生态系统健康诊断、生态水工建筑物设计与管理以及流域受损生态系统的生态恢复与重建应是生态水工学的主要研究方向。     

基于文献计量分析的多孔碳吸附研究进展

为深入了解多孔碳在吸附领域研究的现状和前沿动态,以Web of Science （WoS）中Science Citation Index Expanded （SCI-E）引文数据库和CNKI数据库为数据源,使用Bibliometrix、Bibliometric平台和VOSviewer软件等对相关文献进行定量分析.结果表明,1997~2021年共发表SCI文献3566篇,文章数量总体呈逐年递增的趋势,近5a发文量上升速度较快,中国学术期刊共发表183篇文献;中国的发文总量及独立发文量均位居榜首,总量达1653篇,但平均被引频次相对较低;领域内主要研究力量分布在中国、美国、印度等地,且具有较大学术影响力的各作者间合作频繁.2010年至今温室气体中CO₂排放与多孔碳吸附议题之间有着十分紧密的学术联系,CO₂捕集将是碳中和课题下的一个持续研究热点.此外,开发和应用廉价、绿色、可持续的生物质资源制备性能优异的多孔碳材料是未来碳材料领域的持续目标之一,对于吸附机理的深入研究也将成为未来发展的方向之一.