Anthropogenic influence on the water quality in Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Guanabara Bay is a 384-km² coastal bay with 70% of the population of the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro located within its drainage basin. The water quality of the Bay is impacted by domestic and industrial runoff, of which only 15% has been adequately treated. However, based on a 14-year monitoring program, the water quality for most of Guanabara Bay remains acceptable because of intense tidal flushing, and we failed to find a worsening of conditions during the 14-year study. The inner shallow regions of the Bay, the western and northwestern parts, receive most of the drainage from metropolitan Rio de Janeiro. It is here that the water quality is alarmingly poor, characterized by hypertrophic conditions and occasional hypoxic events. Fecal coliform counts in these inner reaches of the Bay are 4–100 times higher than the maximum acceptable count for recreational waters. Hypertrophic conditions prevail in Guanabara Bay, which is characterized by low dissolved oxygen, high biochemical oxygen demand, peaks in fecal coliform, and extremely high chlorophyll-a concentrations, which reflect high quantities of nutrients entering the system. These anthropogenic pressures are a threat to planktonic and benthic communities and are reminiscent of San Francisco Bay 30 years ago. The Guanabara Bay water quality could be returned to pre-1950 conditions, but it would require sufficient political will and economic investment to ensure that at least 80–90% of the domestic and industrial sewage were treated adequately. Electronic Publication     

1962～2012年西南地区极端温度事件时空变化特征

基于西南地区88站1962~2012年日气温数据,采用百分位阈值法定义极端温度事件,结合线性倾向率、Mann-Kendall秩次相关法、反距离加权插值法对其时空变化进行了分析。结果表明:极端温度指数存在明显的空间分布差异,暖日指数、暖夜指数、冷夜指数和年内日最低气温整体上均由东南向西北逐渐降低;霜冻天指数则由东南向西北部逐渐升高,西北部梯度变化明显;冷日指数和年内日最高气温呈马鞍状分布,较高值均在西南和东北部;因多数地区高温天数极少,故没有明显的梯度变化。霜冻天指数、冷夜指数和冷日指数减少趋势明显,分别为2.7、4.6和3.5d/10a;暖日指数和暖夜指数、年内日最低气温和最高气温均呈增加趋势,分别为3.6、4.9、0.4和0.1℃/10a;高温天指数变化不显著。整体上来看,西南地区极端高温事件和极端低温事件分别呈上升和下降趋势,但有部分区域呈相反变化趋势,体现出西南地区气候变化的独特性。     

哈尔滨市2011年-2013年空气质量评价分析研究

近年来,大气污染问题越来越受到政府和社会各界的广泛关注,通过对2011～2013年哈尔滨市的空气质量状况进行研究,了解了空气质量的基本变化规律,并对比分析了2013年哈尔滨市采用新、老两种标准评价的结果,结果表明,新标准评价系统的评价因子更全面,达标浓度限值更严格,评价结果更切合公众的自身感受,为大气污染防治提供更有力的技术支撑.     

不同保存条件下水样主要污染因子衰减趋势的研究

水样由于成分不同,在不同保存条件下不同的污染因子的衰减不同。通过实验研究了地表水、生活污水、化工废水等多种不同废水、不同浓度水样,在不同保存条件下化学需氧量、氨氮等主要污染因子的衰减趋势。研究结果表明,高锰酸盐指数以及重金属如铜、镍和铬在水样中的衰减受固定剂和温度的影响较大,而容器类型对其影响较小;不同类型废水中的化学需氧量衰减趋势差异较大,其中化工废水中化学需氧量的衰减率最高,而纺织废水和线路板废水较小。氨氮和总磷的衰减受微生物影响较大,其中氨氮主要是受硝化和反硝化反应的影响。     

集对分析在湖泊富营养化评价中的应用研究——区间数与三角模糊数组合的集对分析

针对湖泊富营养化评价的不确定性型多属性决策问题,提出了基于区间数与三角模糊数组合的集对分析模型,引入简单关联函数来确定指标的权重,详细介绍了湖泊富营养化评价的基本原理和关于区间数、三角模糊数转化为集对分析联系数的表示方法。通过计算联系数的模以及属性等级模与属性值模的同一度,再利用这些同一度并参照属性等级数n建立n元联系数,再建立等级与联系数的映射关系确定评价等级。应用该模型对我国9个湖泊的富营养化程度进行了评价,该方法的评价结果与实际情况相符,为湖泊富营养化的治理和保护提供了技术支持。     

苏南城市空气质量污染特征及趋势分析研究

利用2013年-2015年苏南5市空气自动站监测数据,分析了该地区空气质量的污染特征和变化趋势.研究发现:2013年-2015年,苏南5市空气优良率为56.9%～68.9%,PM2.5是主要污染物;沿长江向东,空气污染逐步偏向光化学污染类型.从时间上可知,呈现冬季以PM2.5污染为主、春夏季以O3污染为主的特征;PM2.5等4项污染物24小时呈现双峰.从趋势上可知,PM2.5等5种污染物浓度呈下降趋势,O3污染有所加重.同时,各市也表现了不同的情况,管理上需要区别对待.     

基于Mann-Kendall检验分析里畈水库水质变化趋势研究

根据临安市环境监测站2006-2016年里畈水库的监测数据,采用Mann-Kendall非参数统计检验法对里畈水库水质变化趋势进行分析.趋势分析表明,pH和溶解氧的值总体呈上升趋势,氨氮、总磷和高锰酸盐的值总体呈下降趋势,11年间里畈水库水质总体呈上升趋势;总磷是影响里畈水库水质类别的主要因素.对各参数突变次数及时间分析表明,总磷突变最为复杂;溶解氧和氨氮变化趋势最为简单;水质突变主要集中在2007年和2016年.     

2001～2017年全国气溶胶光学厚度时空分布及变化趋势

为探究全国大气气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）的分布及变化特征,利用最新的MODIS/Terra C6.1 550 nm AOD月数据分析了2001~2017年全国AOD的时空分布及变化趋势.结果表明,空间特征：年均AOD空间分布呈现两个显著的高值中心和低值中心,第一高值中心位于以人为气溶胶为主的华北平原、华中地区、长三角地区、珠三角地区和四川盆地,第二高值中心位于以尘埃气溶胶为主的塔克拉玛干沙漠地区,两个低值中心分别位于内蒙古地区东部至东北地区北部以及青藏高原.时间特征：各区域AOD峰值主要出现在春、夏季,塔克拉玛干沙漠地区、四川盆地和珠三角地区AOD在3~4月达到峰值,华北平原、华中地区和长三角地区AOD在5~7月达到峰值.趋势特征：2001~2006年,我国西北地区和内蒙古地区AOD呈现减少趋势,我国中东部地区和西南地区东部AOD呈现增长趋势.2007~2012年,青藏高原和塔克拉玛干沙漠地区AOD变化趋势由减少转为增长,华北平原和四川盆地AOD的增幅减弱,长三角地区AOD呈现弱的下降趋势.2013~2017年,我国大部地区AOD呈显著地下降趋势.     

Stationarity: Wanted Dead or Alive?1

Lins, Harry F. and Timothy A. Cohn, 2011. Stationarity: Wanted Dead or Alive? Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(3):475‐480. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00542.x Abstract: Aligning engineering practice with natural process behavior would appear, on its face, to be a prudent and reasonable course of action. However, if we do not understand the long‐term characteristics of hydroclimatic processes, how does one find the prudent and reasonable course needed for water management? We consider this question in light of three aspects of existing and unresolved issues affecting hydroclimatic variability and statistical inference: Hurst‐Kolmogorov phenomena; the complications long‐term persistence introduces with respect to statistical understanding; and the dependence of process understanding on arbitrary sampling choices. These problems are not easily addressed. In such circumstances, humility may be more important than physics; a simple model with well‐understood flaws may be preferable to a sophisticated model whose correspondence to reality is uncertain.     

Soil burdens of persistent organic pollutants - Their levels, fate and risk. Part II. Are there any trends in PCDD/F levels in mountain soils?

Good quality data apt for an assessment of temporal trends of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDDs/Fs) in soils are difficult to obtain since there is a general lack of information on their residues in soils. Variability of soil profiles, non-homogeneity of samples, and often also inconsistency of applied sampling procedures further complicate this problem. To assess spatial and temporal trends of contamination, three soil sampling campaigns have been performed over the period of 12 years at the mountain forest sites in the Czech Republic. Relation between the air, needle and soil contaminations was addressed in addition to time-related variability of soil. It has been confirmed that soil is a good matrix for evaluation of spatial distribution of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) but difficult for establishment of temporal trends. A slow rate of the soil-forming processes and their site-specificity was generally the major source of uncertainties.