Monitoring H2S air pollution caused by the industrial exploitation of geothermal energy: The pitfall of using lichens as bioindicators

This study showed that NH₃ emitted from geothermal power plants affects the surrounding epiphytic lichen vegetation and diversity, confounding the interpretation of lichen diversity counts in terms of air pollution by H₂S. The presence of nitrophytic lichen species around geothermal installations, determined by NH₃, caused relatively high diversity values that were not related with the levels of air pollution by H₂S. It is recommended that in the presence of NH₃ emission, nitrophytic species are excluded from the calculation of lichen diversity values.     

恩施地区近54年降水量变化特征分析

基于湖北省恩施州的4个气象站点（巴东、绿葱坡、恩施、来凤）以及周边的3个站点（万州、奉节、五峰）近54 a逐年的降水量数据,利用气候倾向率法、ARCGIS空间分析法、小波周期分析法（Wavelet Analysis）和Mann Kendall突变分析法分别对研究区的降水量的时空变化、周期变化、突变进行了分析。研究表明：湖北恩施地区近54 a降水量呈现出波动式的下降趋势,20世纪90年代后尤为明显。从时间变化来看,70年代和90年代的降水量的下降量要比其它年代降水增加量要大;四季变化中除了冬季降水量呈现出较为明显的上升趋势外,其它3个季节降水量呈现较为明显的下降趋势。从空间变化来看,降水量最多的区域主要集中在绿葱坡地区,最少的区域主要集中在东北部的巴东和西北部利川的部分区域,形成了“一高两低”且有东北部向西部逐渐减少的分布态势     

9月至翌年4月宜昌、大通来流趋势及两站流量关系初探

利用长江上、下游代表水文站宜昌、大通站1951~2008年逐月月均流量资料,采用线性倾向估计、非参数Mann Kendall检验、滑动t 检验等方法,对两站9月至翌年4月（三峡蓄水期及枯季）各月多年来的流量变化趋势进行探讨,分析了流量发生突变的时间,并对各月两站流量间关系进行初步的研究。研究表明：宜昌、大通各月流量多年变化趋势基本一致,多年来,两站9~10月流量减少,1~3月流量显著增加,流量突变大多发生在20世纪80年代,流量的变化主要与水利工程的建设及流域降雨量的变化有关;宜昌、大通站两站流量存在一定的内在关系,9~10月份两站流量间关系较好,其余月份宜昌、大通两站流量的比值与大通流量间关系较好,所得关系式可初步用于流量预测     

基于DEA的中国农地非农化效率及其变化

基于DEA和Malmquist TFP指数模型方法研究分析2000～2008年我国省域和区域层面农地非农化效率及其变化,为优化土地利用提供参考。研究结果表明：（1）省域层面各项平均效率水平一般,超过80%的省份农地非农化综合效率未达到有效状态;（2）农地非农化效率总体呈现东部地区>东北地区>中部地区>西部地区的状态,区域差距呈现缩小趋势;（3）农地非农化平均综合效率的提升主要源于纯技术效率的贡献,而生产效率的明显改善得益于技术进步;（4）东部和东北地区农地非农化综合效率有所下降,中西部地区综合效率呈现上升趋势,西部地区上升显著。通过研究发现：现阶段我国农地非农化存在要素资源的利用不充分现象,效率提升潜力较大;西部地区农地非农化规模集聚能力与其他地区差距较大;东部地区存在农地非农化效率损失;虽然中西部地区农地非地化效率变化提升明显,但能否成为农地非农化指标增加的依据还值得进一步探讨     

Nutrient stoichiometry in Sphagnum along a nitrogen deposition gradient in highly polluted region of Central-East Europe

We investigated the variation of N:P and N:K ratio in ombrotrophic Sphagnum plants along a gradient of atmospheric N deposition from 1 to 2.5 g m⁻² year⁻¹ in Central-East Europe. The N:P and N:K ratio in Sphagnum capitula increased significantly along the N deposition gradient. Sphagnum species from the Cuspidata section were characterised by significantly lower ratios at low N deposition. When we compared the observed N:P ratios in Sphagnum plants with the values reported in a previous European-wide study, we found a correspondence in nutrient stoichiometry only for a few bogs: higher P concentration in Sphagnum capitula caused a lower N:P ratio in most of the study bogs so that Sphagnum plants still seem N-limited despite their N saturation. Interaction between summer water table decrease and aerial liming of surrounding forests is proposed as an explanation for this discrepancy. Local forestry practice interacting with climate thus alter N:P stoichiometry of Sphagnum along the N deposition gradient.     

中国CO《,2》排放的影响因素分解与预测

我国正处于2008年美国金融危机影响下,刺激经济一系列政策的落实观测期,要实现单位国内生产总值CO<,2>排放的目标,任务十分艰巨.本文采用投入产出结构分解技术,对1997-2004年我国应对亚洲金融危机时期的CO<,2>排放量变动进行了7因素的分解测算,结果表明经济增长是CO<,2>排放上升的主要驱动力,能源节约是驱动我国CO<,2>排放下降的主要因素,经济结构变动的影响相对较小.特别,国内最终需求、出口成长以及出口结构变动均推动CO<,2>排放上升,国内最终需求结构变动以及能源替代表现出了对CO<,2>排放的抑制影响等.同时,在我国经济"三步走"目标的前提下,结合能源节约设计了CO<,2>排放的3类情景,给出了未来CO<,2>排放的态势预测,提出了加强需求结构调整、能源效率提高以及可再生能源开发利用的保增长与CO<,2>减排并行不悖的建议.     

The Challenge of Bridging Science and Policy in the Baltic Sea Eutrophication Governance in Finland: The perspective of Science

This article examines the views of scientists on intricacies of scientific knowledge that affect science–policy interface in the Baltic Sea eutrophication governance in Finland. The analysis demonstrates that these intricacies can be divided into five categories: (1) uncertainty of knowledge concerning ecological processes, (2) heterogeneity of knowledge, (3) societal and political call for (certain) knowledge, (4) contingency of the knowledge that ends up taken as a baseline for decision making and further research, and (5) linkages of knowledge production, processing, and communication to particular characteristics of individual researchers and research societies. By explicating these aspects, this article illustrates the ways in which scientific knowledge concerning eutrophication is human-bound and susceptible to interpretation, thus adding on to the uncertainty of the Baltic Sea environmental governance. The aim is, then, to open up perspectives on how ambiguities related to science–policy interface could be coped with.     

Spatio-temporal distribution of organic and inorganic pollutants from Lake Geneva (Switzerland) reveals strong interacting effects of sewage treatment plant and eutrophication on microbial abundance

Variation with depth and time of organic matter (carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus), inorganic pollutant (mercury), as well as bacterial abundance and activity, were investigated for the first time in sediment profiles of different parts of Lake Geneva (Switzerland) over the last decades. The highest organic contents (about 32%), mercury concentration (27 mg kg⁻¹), bacterial abundance (in order of 9 × 10⁹ cell g⁻¹ dry sediment), and bacterial activity (1299 Relative Light Units (RLU)) were found in the highly polluted sediments contaminated by the waste water treatment plant (WWTP) discharge, which deposited during the period of cultural eutrophication. Such data, which contrast with the other sampled sites from deeper and more remote parts of the lake, prove that the organic matter and nutrients released from the municipal WWTP have considerable effects on bacterial abundance and activities in freshwater sediments. In fact, the relatively unpolluted deepwater sites and the coastal polluted site show large synchronous increases in bacterial densities linked to the anoxic conditions in the 1970s (lake eutrophication caused by external nutrient input) that subsequently increased the nutrient loading fluxes. These results show that the microbial activities response to natural or human-induced changing limnological conditions (e.g., nutrient supply, oxygen availability, redox conditions) constitutes a threat to the security of water resources, which in turn poses concerns for the world’s freshwater resources in the context of global warming and the degradation of water quality (oxygen depletion in the bottom water due to reduced deep waters mixing). Moreover, the accumulation of inorganic pollutants such as high mercury (methyl-mercury) concentration may represent a significant source of toxicity for sediment dwelling organisms.     

1961~2013年长江三角洲地区霾日季节特征及变化分析

选取长江三角洲146个观测站1961~2013年的地面观测资料,分析了霾日季节性的年际、年代际长期变化及空间分布规律。结果表明,长江三角洲霾多发时段随年际增长逐渐由冬季蔓延至春季,秋季和夏季。长三角平均霾日的季节变率从60~70年代的72.5%~78.5%,80年代跌至61.2%,到90年代跌至55.3%,而在本世纪的13 a低达52.3%,体现了长三角霾日变化季节性的年代际特征,即近53 a季节差异在不断减小,霾趋于常年化发生。霾日季节性的空间分布及年际变化特征还表明:近53 a长三角霾日呈持续上升趋势,1980年以前的2个年代增长缓慢,并维持低霾日水平,尽管1980年以后仍然增长缓慢,但维持多霾日的较高水平。霾日高发区域主要集中在南京-镇江一带、上海西南部地区、湖州-杭州-绍兴-金华一带、宁波西北部地区,高值中心依次为金华西北部兰溪市的70.2 d,江苏南京市的 40.0 d,上海金山的38.0 d以及宁波余姚市的35.5 d。长三角中部的霾日年增长率整体低于南部和北部地区,江苏中部及南部、浙江南部及东部沿海、安徽东南部地区是霾日年际增长高值区。长三角霾日年际变化趋势以夏季增长率最高,其次是秋季、春季,冬季霾日年际变化趋势普遍增长率最低,近53 a来长江三角洲大部分地区出现了霾日季节性差异变小的季节性变异特征。     

洪泽湖富营养化与环境理化因子间的关系

利用淮安市环境监测中心站1998年—2000年洪泽湖水质监测资料，以洪泽湖水体最能表征营养化状态进程的叶绿素a为基准因子，分析了洪泽湖水质富营养化的原因。通过QBASIC多元逐步回归分析，得出洪泽湖水质富营养化的主控因子是悬浮物、透明度，总磷是富营养化的潜在限制性营养盐。