农村环境保护与环境检测技术的结合

我国经济快速发展的同时加剧了环境污染问题。无论是城市还是农村都存在一定的环境污染问题。在进行环境污染治理过程中,环境检测技术发挥了重要的作用。我国的农村在发展经济的同时也对环境带来很大的影响,而农村作为我国粮食的重要产地,一旦发生环境污染问题将会对全国人民的健康带来一定的威胁,因此必须引起高度重视。本文将对农村环境保护与环境检测技术的结合进行深入分析,希望可以促进我国农村生态环境的可持续发展。     

储罐底板维修决策方法研究

储罐底板腐蚀是储罐失效的主要原因之一,对底板的腐蚀检测方法目前有很多种。每种方法都有自己的优势,但同时也存在着相应的弊端。通过在实践应用中对比漏磁检测与超声测厚检测方法,分别指出两种检测方法的优势与实践应用中存在的问题,提出应综合应用两种方法来提高效率和确保准确性。为更好地利用检测技术保障储罐安全提出参考建议。     

日本地震实时监测系统中液化识别方法可行性研究

日本地震超高密度实时监测系统(SUPREME)建设中的核心技术之一是依据强震记录对液化场地进行反演识别,系统中目前使用的是Suzuki法,但实际应用效果并不理想。选取不同地震下多种类别场地上的实际地震记录,对Suzuki法的适用性进行了研究,讨论了其不同指标对不同类别场地识别结果的影响。分析表明:Suzuki法对不同类别非液化场地的识别能力不同,最显著的缺陷是易将软土场地与液化场地混淆;方法所使用的4个识别指标中,过零周期为控制参数,其它指标仅起到初判作用;方法出现误判的原因是液化场地的过零周期范围与非液化中软土场地上的过零周期范围存在明显交叉,而这一点理论上是无法避免的客观存在;改进的方法是应放弃现有进行绝对值对比的做法,改用地震动某些参数的相对变化作为新的识别指标。     

大气环境高灵敏光谱探测技术

大气环境高灵敏光谱探测技术是以光与环境相互作用为基础发展起来的学科交叉方向,使用光学的方法和手段来探知研究环境问题。大气环境高灵敏光谱探测技术能够实现从现场瞬态灵敏探测到污染时空分布等不同尺度的遥测,从而获得大气污染"点-线-面"的时空变化规律,由于光谱探测技术具有多组分、非接触、无采样、高灵敏度、大范围快速以及遥测等特点,已经成为国际上大气环境监测技术的主要方向之一。大气环境高灵敏光谱技术在污染源、工业园区、空气质量以及区域污染等监测方面都有很广泛的应用。针对化工园区复杂的环境污染问题,光谱探测技术可以高灵敏、非接触地获取多种污染物浓度特征,掌握化工园区污染时空分布状况,为化工园区的大气污染治理提供有效支撑;针对京津冀、长三角等地区大气重污染过程的核心问题,大气环境高灵敏光谱探测技术通过地基组网观测,车载/机载平台移动观测等三维立体监测手段获取重点区域污染物的生成、转化过程以及重污染过程的形成机制,为区域大气污染成因追溯、污染控制措施评估提供科学的数据和技术支撑。高灵敏光谱探测技术在大气环境领域的成功应用,为污染源、化工园区和重点区域的环境综合诊断和治理奠定了技术基础。     

Linking empirical estimates of body burden of environmental chemicals and wellness using NHANES data

Biomonitoring of industrial chemicals in human tissues and fluids has shown that all people carry a “body burden” of synthetic chemicals. Although measurement of an environmental chemical in a person's tissues/fluids is an indication of exposure, it does not necessarily mean the exposure concentration is sufficient to cause an adverse effect. Since humans are exposed to multiple chemicals, there may be a combination effect (e.g., additive, synergistic) associated with low-level exposures to multiple classes of contaminants, which may impact a variety of organ systems. The objective of this research is to link measures of body burden of environmental chemicals and a “holistic” measure of wellness. The approach is demonstrated using biomonitoring data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES). Forty-two chemicals were selected for analysis based on their detection levels. Six biological pathway-specific indices were evaluated using groups of chemicals associated with each pathway. Five of the six pathways were negatively associated with wellness. Three non-zero interaction terms were detected which may provide empirical evidence of crosstalk across pathways. The approach identified five of the 42 chemicals from a variety of classes (metals, pesticides, furans, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) as accounting for 71% of the weight linking body burden to wellness. Significant interactions were detected indicating the effect of smoking is exacerbated by body burden of environmental chemicals. Use of a holistic index on both sides of the exposure-health equation is a novel and promising empirical “systems biology” approach to risk evaluation of complex environmental exposures.     

基于交流电磁场裂纹缺陷识别仿真研究

为了研究基于交流电磁场裂纹缺陷识别问题,调研了交流电磁场检测的国内外现状,结合交流电磁场技术,利用有限元分析软件ANSYS Maxwell构建常见的裂纹缺陷模型,进行仿真分析。研究了缺陷尺寸的识别以及不同缺陷簇群对交流电磁场(Alternating Current Field Measurement,ACFM）检测信号特征的影响,对提取的Bx和Bz（沿坐标轴X方向和Z方向的磁感应强度）特征信号的影响进行了分析与探讨,得到影响ACFM技术的核心参数,并建立了缺陷深度和长度的测量评估方法。研究结果表明:通过测量Bz曲线的峰谷间距可初步确定缺陷长度; Bx曲线检测同时受缺陷深度和缺陷长度的影响,对于缺陷深度检测灵敏度较低;ACFM技术虽能够实现对缺陷个数的识别,但难以准确识别缺陷尺寸的大小,当缺陷间的距离足够大时,才能准确实现缺陷的定量识别。     

Contributing to shipping container security: can passive sensors bring a solution?

Illicit trafficking of fissionable material in container cargoes is recognized as a potential weakness in Nuclear Security. Triggered by the attacks of 11 September 2001, measures were undertaken to enhance maritime security in extension to the Safety Of Life At Sea Convention and in line with the US Container Security Initiatives. Effective detection techniques are needed that allow the inspector to intercept illicit trafficking of nuclear weapons components or components of other nuclear explosive devices. Many security measures focus on active interrogation of the container content by X-ray scan, which might be extended with the newly developed tagged neutron inspection system. Both active interrogation techniques can, with the current huge volume of container traffic, only be applied to a limited number of selected containers. The question arises whether a passive detection technique can offer an alternative solution. This study investigates if containers equipped with a small passive detector will register during transport the neutron irradiation by fissionable material such as plutonium in a measurable way. In practice, 4/5 of the containers are about 1/8 filled with hydrogenous material and undergo a typical 2 months route. For this reference case, it was found that the most compatible passive detector would be an activation foil of iridium. Monte-Carlo simulations showed that for the reference case the activity of a 250 μm thin foil with 6 cm² cross-section would register 1.2 Bq when it is irradiated by a significant quantity of Reactor-Grade PuO₂. However this activity drops with almost two orders of magnitude for other fillings and other isotopic compositions and forms of the Pu-source. The procedure of selecting the target material for Pu detection is detailed with the theoretical methods, in order to be useful for other applications. Moreover the value of such additional passive sensors for securing maritime container transport is situated within the global framework of the First, Second and Third Line of Defense against illicit trafficking.     

Implications of Land Use/Land Cover Change in the Buffer Zone of a National Park in the Tropical Andes

The impacts of land use and land cover (LULC) change in buffer zones surrounding protected ecological reserves have important implications for the management and conservation of these protected areas. This study examines the spatial and temporal patterns of LULC change along the boundary of Rio Abiseo National Park in the Northern Peruvian Andes. Landscape change within four ecological zones was evaluated based on trends expected to occur between 1987 and 2001. Landsat TM and ETM imagery were used to produce LULC classification maps for both years using a hybrid supervised/unsupervised approach. LULC changes were measured using landscape metrics and from-to change maps created by post-classification change detection. Contrary to expectations, tropical upper wet montane forest increased despite being threatened by human-induced fires and cattle grazing of the highland grasslands inside the park. Within the park’s buffer zone, tropical moist forest remnants were fragmented into more numerous and smaller patches between 1987 and 2001; this was in part due to conversion into agricultural land. The methods used in this study provide an effective way to monitor LULC change detection and support the management of protected areas and their surrounding environments.     

南京市机动车排气污染现状分析

阐述了南京市机动车发展现状、道路交通现状和机动车污染监测情况,对机动车排放因子、机动车污染、交通干线的污染物日排放特征、机动车源排放污染物的分担率以及机动车尾气污染物排放进行了分析和预测。指出南京市机动车污染状况必须采取有效措施加以控制,并提出了贯彻机动车尾气控制标准,完善污染控制管理机制;重点控制公交、出租和专业物流的机动车污染;严格控制车用油品质量;建立车辆污染数据库;加快道路建设,运用交通综合管理制度削减污染;实施保护区和控制区管理以及实施机动车标志管理等合理化建议。     

高压管汇磁致伸缩导波缺陷检测模拟研究

针对高压管汇导波缺陷检测问题,基于磁致伸缩效应,借助COMSOL有限元仿真软件,建立高压管汇直管段的导波缺陷检测模型,探究导波的激励条件及缺陷检测效果,分析不同参数对缺陷附近磁感应强度分布的影响。研究结果表明:在频率为10 kHz的正弦电流信号激励下,可产生沿管道轴向传播的T（0,1）模态导波,并能辨别缺陷处的回波信号。改变缺陷的尺寸参数时,缺陷附近的磁感应强度随着缺陷深度增加呈增大趋势,随轴向宽度增加呈减小趋势,不同形状的缺陷对应的磁感应强度存在一定的差异;改变激励条件,磁感应强度均随激励电流、激励频率的增加呈不断增加趋势。