总有机碳测定仪TOC-5000A与Aurora 1030W性能的比较

从仪器精密度、方法检出限、准确度、工作曲线线性范围等角度对总有机碳测定仪TOC-5000A(高温燃烧+非分散红外法)与Aurora 1030W(湿式氧化)的性能进行比较.研究结果显示,TOC-5000A方法检出限(0.535ppm)高于Aurora1030W(0.047ppm),且在较低有机碳浓度下(1ppm)精密度差于Aurora 1030W.但在较高有机碳浓度条件下(10ppm),TOC-5000A精密度优于Aurora 1030W.在不同水样中加入标准物质后计算方法回收率,两台仪器的测试结果均大于90%.在样品量较低的情况下,碳加入量与两台仪器响应值的线性关系均较差,响应因子随碳加入量的增加呈现显著降低的趋势,并分别在升至2μg(Aurora 1030W)与0.16μg(TOC-5000A)后达到稳定.     

还原一偶氮光度法测定水中硝基苯类的改进

在现行分析水中硝基苯类污染物标准分析方法的基础上,将参加显色反应的水样体积和比色皿厚度各增加一倍,方法检出限由0．20mg／L降低至0．05mg／L。用改进法分析很低浓度的硝基苯类水样,具有很好的现实意义。     

使用低硫优质煤种的环境和经济效益预测

通过煤粉、沸腾两种炉型锅炉,进行低硫优质煤种和高硫劣质煤种的对比燃烧试验,取得有代表性试验数据;将试验所得数据,对比梧州市区域燃煤排放二氧化硫和大气二氧化硫现状,预测推行试验方法的环境效益和经济效益,并证实此法是改善区域大气二氧化硫污染的有效途径.     

污水中隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫病原学检测方法研究

为了提高污水中隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫的检测效果,降低检测成本,对其检测关键环节浓缩、分离和染色进行了方法改进研究.结果表明,以1:25稀释的Giemsa染液染色15-20min更利于对隐孢子虫卵囊和贾第鞭毛虫包囊的观察;对于杂质较多的污水处理出水,筛网预处理不但能减少镜栓时的背景杂质干扰,还能提高卵囊和包囊的检出率;在过滤速度明显变慢时,更换滤膜可大大提高实验效率;采用涡旋振荡器剧烈振荡可有效提高卵囊和包囊的回收率;而乙酸乙酯-福尔马林可实现较好的分离效果.使用改进的方法可以有效提高检出率和回收率.     

量子点在环境污染物检测中的应用进展

作为一类理想的荧光探针,量子点近年来在环境污染物定性定量分析方面的应用取得了很大进展,为环境监测提供了一种新的方法和技术,显示出极大的优越性。综述了量子点分子印迹、量子点自组装膜、双色量子点比率荧光传感等新技术在国内外环境污染物检测方面的研究进展,并对其发展前景作了展望。     

乙腈盐析萃取HPLC-PDA同时测定水中11种苯胺类化合物

通过对色谱分析和样品萃取条件的选择和优化,建立了同时分析水中11种苯胺类化合物的HPLC方法。样品经乙腈盐析萃取后直接进样分析,采用 ODS色谱柱,以乙腈-水为流动相进行梯度洗脱,用PDA检测。结果表明,11种苯胺类化合物在0.20~100mg/L范围内其浓度和检测信号呈良好的线性关系,方法检出限为0.002~0.007mg/L,地表水和废水样品加标回收率为81.6%~97.4%,相对标准偏差为1.5%~5.5%。     

微波消解ICP-AES法测定废气中铅镉砷

采用微波消解电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法同时测定废气中的铅、镉、砷,在优化的试验条件下,方法在0 mg/L～5.00 mg/L范围内线性良好,铅、镉、砷的检出限分别为0.250 μg/m3、0.125 μg/m3、0.375 μg/m3(按采样体积400 L、定容体积50 mL计),空白滤筒平行测定6次的RSD为2.3％～10.5％,加标回收率为83％ ～ 112％,与标准方法的测定结果无显著差异.     

石化行业VOCs泄漏检测与修复技术的发展现状与展望

针对石化行业挥发性有机物(VOCs)污染现状,总结了近年来我国国家层面和地方颁布的有关VOCs管控的法律法规及相关标准。通过调研石化行业现阶段VOCs控制的实际情况,总结了目前主要的控制技术,以及适合我国企业VOCs排放源的监测技术。在综合分析的基础上,提出了大力推进清洁生产、全面推行泄漏检测与修复(LDAR)计划、加强有组织工艺废气治理、严格控制储存与装卸损失、强化污水系统逸散废气治理、加强非正常工况污染控制等建议。     

可用于血清游离铜快速检测的特异性识别元件

铜离子广泛存在于环境和食品中,机体中游离铜离子含量增加可导致神经系统功能紊乱和肝、肾损害等。目前铜离子的检测方法主要有:原子吸收光谱法(AAS)、电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)和电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICPMS),这些方法虽然检测结果准确、灵敏度高,但仪器昂贵、样品处理复杂且不能区分铜离子的存在形态。因此,探索基于铜离子特异性识别元件构建的荧光或电化学检测方法在游离铜快速特异性响应中的应用受到了广泛青睐,其对应的铜离子特异性识别元件如有机小分子、纳米材料、生物分子等亦得到了不断地丰富和发展。有机小分子设计灵活,纳米材料响应灵敏,生物分子特异性强、生物相容性好,此三者作为特异性识别元件在血清游离铜的检测中具有广阔的应用前景。     

Volatile organic compounds at swine facilities: A critical review

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are regulated aerial pollutants that have environmental and health concerns. Swine operations produce and emit a complex mixture of VOCs with a wide range of molecular weights and a variety of physicochemical properties. Significant progress has been made in this area since the first experiment on VOCs at a swine facility in the early 1960s. A total of 47 research institutions in 15 North American, European, and Asian countries contributed to an increasing number of scientific publications. Nearly half of the research papers were published by U.S. institutions.Investigated major VOC sources included air inside swine barns, in headspaces of manure storages and composts, in open atmosphere above swine wastewater, and surrounding swine farms. They also included liquid swine manure and wastewater, and dusts inside and outside swine barns. Most of the sample analyses have been focusing on identification of VOC compounds and their relationship with odors. More than 500 VOCs have been identified. About 60% and 10% of the studies contributed to the quantification of VOC concentrations and emissions, respectively. The largest numbers of VOC compounds with reported concentrations in a single experimental study were 82 in air, 36 in manure, and 34 in dust samples.The relatively abundant VOC compounds that were quantified in at least two independent studies included acetic acid, butanoic acid (butyric acid), dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl sulfide, iso-valeric, p-cresol, propionic acid, skatole, trimethyl amine, and valeric acid in air. They included acetic acid, p-cresol, iso-butyric acid, butyric acid, indole, phenol, propionic acid, iso-valeric acid, and skatole in manure. In dust samples, they were acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid, p-cresol, hexanal, and decanal. Swine facility VOCs were preferentially bound to smaller-size dusts.Identification and quantification of VOCs were restricted by using instruments based on gas Chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) with different detectors most of which require time-consuming procedures to obtain results. Various methodologies and technologies in sampling, sample preparation, and sample analysis have been used. Only four publications reported using GC based analyzers and PTR-MS (proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry) that allowed continuous VOC measurement. Because of this, the majority of experimental studies were only performed on limited numbers of air, manure, or dust samples. Many aerial VOCs had concentrations that were too low to be identified by the GC peaks.Although VOCs emitted from swine facilities have environmental concerns, only a few studies investigated VOC emission rates, which ranged from 3.0 to 176.5 mg d⁻¹ kg⁻¹ pig at swine finishing barns and from 2.3 to 45.2 g d⁻¹ m⁻² at manure storages. Similar to the other pollutants, spatial and temporal variations of aerial VOC concentrations and emissions existed and were significantly affected by manure management systems, barn structural designs, and ventilation rates.Scientific research in this area has been mainly driven by odor nuisance, instead of environment or health concerns. Compared with other aerial pollutants in animal agriculture, the current scientific knowledge about VOCs at swine facilities is still very limited and far from sufficient to develop reliable emission factors.