空气中氯苯类、异戊烯醇和贲亭酸甲酯定量监测方法初探

为了顺应沿江开发战略,沿江地区设立了多个化学工业园。随着因区企业的陆续建成投产,在不利气象条件下化工园排放的有机污染物异味扰民时有发生。严重影响化工园周边地区群众的生活。某化学工业园废气特异指标氯苯类、贲亭酸甲酯和异戊烯醇是异味的主要来源,其相应的监测分析方法氯苯类国内有标准方法,贲亭酸甲酯和异戊烯醇国内未见报道。为了掌握第一手监测数据资料,笔者对某化学工业因特异指标氯苯类、贲亭酸甲酯和异戊烯醇的监测分析方法进行了探索,获得了一种简便可行的定量监测分析方法。此方法使用活性炭吸附,二硫化碳解析和GC—FID（气相色谱-氢火焰光度法）分析一并完成3个化舍物的分析,简单快捷、成本低廉,可供参考。     

Effect of elevated tropospheric ozone on methane and nitrous oxide emission from rice soil in north India

Physiological changes in crop plants in response to the elevated tropospheric ozone (O₃) may alter N and C cycles in soil. This may also affect the atmosphere-biosphere exchange of radiatively important greenhouse gases (GHGs), e.g. methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) from soil. A study was carried out during July to November of 2007 and 2008 in the experimental farm of Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi to assess the effects of elevated tropospheric ozone on methane and nitrous oxide emissions from rice (Oryza sativa L.) soil. Rice crop was grown in open top chambers (OTC) under elevated ozone (EO), non-filtered air (NF), charcoal filtered air (CF) and ambient air (AA). Seasonal mean concentrations of O₃ were 4.3 ± 0.9, 26.2 ± 1.9, 59.1 ± 4.2 and 27.5 ± 2.3 ppb during year 2007 and 5.9 ± 1.1, 37.2 ± 2.5, 69.7 ± 3.9 and 39.2 ± 1.8 ppb during year 2008 for treatments CF, NF, EO and AA, respectively. Cumulative seasonal CH₄ emission reduced by 29.7% and 40.4% under the elevated ozone (EO) compared to the non-filtered air (NF), whereas the emission increased by 21.5% and 16.7% in the charcoal filtered air (CF) in 2007 and 2008, respectively. Cumulative seasonal emission of N₂O ranged from 47.8 mg m⁻² in elevated ozone to 54.6 mg m⁻² in charcoal filtered air in 2007 and from 46.4 to 62.1 mg m⁻² in 2008. Elevated ozone reduced grain yield by 11.3% and 12.4% in 2007 and 2008, respectively. Global warming potential (GWP) per unit of rice yield was the least under elevated ozone levels. Dissolved organic C content of soil was lowest under the elevated ozone treatment. Decrease in availability of substrate i.e., dissolved organic C under elevated ozone resulted in a decline in GHG emissions. Filtration of ozone from ambient air increased grain yield and growth parameters of rice and emission of GHGs.     

2007年夏季北京大气CO检测分析

采用经过改进的装配有氧火焰离子化检测器(FID)的气相色谱仪(GC),配合自动进样、分析和标定系统,以10min一次的采样频率,于2007年7月-9月,在中国科学院大气物理研究所铁塔分部连续采样,监测北京大气CO浓度变化.结果表明,北京城市大气CO浓度日变化呈双峰型,两峰值出现的时间分别为7:00-8:00和23:00-24:00,浓度分别达3.66×10-6V/V和4.92×10-6V/V.北京大气CO的浓度变化受源排放强度和气象要素共同影响.机动车限行,对降低大气CO的浓度效果明显,但天气过程对CO的清除作用也不可忽视.     

改进GC/FID法连续观测大气中CO浓度

改进装配有氢火焰离子化检测器(即FID)的气相色谱仪(GC),可连续监测大气中痕量气体CO浓度.本系统采用单阀双柱反吹进样技术,优选前置柱能更有效地剔除杂质,提高了分析柱效率,保持色谱基线平稳,提高分辨率和定量分析的准确率.优化后的气路设计与色谱柱的改进,使GC/FID对CO的最低检出限达到10×10-9、精密度误差小于2%,准确度在±2%之内.将气相色谱与动态气体稀释仪耦合使系统能够自动进行工作曲线校准,系统自动采样、分析和标定,无需人员职守.对北京大气CO连续观测结果表明,北京大气CO浓度变化受气象要素与排放源双重控制.     

Concentration field and turbulent fluxes during the mixing of two buoyant plumes

In this work an experimental study of mixing of two identical plumes, carried out in a turbulent neutral boundary layer generated in a wind tunnel, is presented. Measurements have been performed with fast flame ionisation detectors (FFIDs) and a two-component Laser-Doppler Anemometer system. Results allow the study of both the average and the fluctuating concentration field, including the turbulent vertical and longitudinal mass fluxes, in single plumes and during the interaction of two identical plumes. This information gives insight into the details of the mixing phase of the two plumes. Results of trajectories and additional rise (due to plume interactions) have been compared with previous measurements carried out in laminar cross-flows, showing similar behaviour. Concentration distributions in plume cross-sections in turbulent cross-flows differ from those measured in laminar cross-flows. Average vertical and longitudinal velocity measurements into the plume core show the strength of the shielding effect of the upwind plume and some details of interaction between the counter-rotating vortex pairs (CVPs). For large values of the alignment angle φ, between the line joining the stacks and the cross-flow, an average negative vertical velocity is measured in the middle of the plume even if its centre of mass is rising. This downward velocity is induced by the slow interaction of the CVPs and generates a vertical stretching of the plume and negative rise enhancement. Vertical turbulent fluxes change sign on the plume centreline and are of opposite sign with respect to the longitudinal turbulent fluxes. Results indicate a good linearity between vertical turbulent fluxes and concentration gradients, with different proportionality for the top and bottom parts of the plume (especially in the near field) indicating that dispersion could be described by a gradient-transfer model.     

Wait before running for your life: defensive tactics of spiny mice (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Acomys cahirinus</Emphasis>) in evading barn owl (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Tyto alba</Emphasis>) attack

Raptor–prey encounters were studied to evaluate the strategies and success rate of both predator attack and prey defense. We compared the success of barn owls in catching stationary simulated prey (food item) with that of moving prey (food item that was pulled in various directions). We also tracked real encounters between barn owls and spiny mice in a captive environment. It was found that owls had higher success in attacking stationary prey and that they seemed to attack the prey as soon as it became motionless. When attacked, only a few spiny mice remained immobile (freeze response) whereas most fled and usually avoided capture by the owls. It was also found that spiny mice displayed a preference to escape in those directions in which owls had demonstrated a lower success in catching the simulated prey. Escape initiation dichotomized to a short or long (but rarely intermediate) distance between the spiny mouse and the owl with more successful avoidance at short-distance (last-moment) escapes. The best predictor of escape success was the velocity of the spiny mouse, and the second best predictor was its flight initiation distance (FID). We present an update for Ydenberg and Dill’s model for optimal FID in close encounters, suggesting that fleeing at the last moment is advantageous. However, a last-moment attempt to escape is also more risky with a split second differing between life and death, and is therefore appropriate mainly for agile prey under close-distance attack.     

预浓缩/柱箱制冷GCMS/FID法测定大气中117种挥发性有机物

建立了罐采样、吸附剂辅助电子制冷预浓缩-柱箱制冷GCMS/FID同时测定大气中117种挥发性有机物(VOCs)的方法.样品经填充吸附剂的电子制冷预浓缩系统除水、除CO2、浓缩和热脱附后,采用柱箱制冷及GCMS/FID的多维切割单元,将5种C2-C3组分切到二维色谱柱进行分离并进入FID检测,甲醛及其他111种VOCs组...     

激光散射法和便携式氢火焰离子化检测器法直读监测油烟排放

餐饮业油烟排放具有排放浓度不稳定、波动较大、排放时间短等特性,存在瞬时排放高值现象,油烟"看得见"和"闻得着"的问题依然存在,因此对油烟实现快速、及时、直读监测尤为必要。基于一种浓度可控且稳定的油烟产生技术,对直读激光散射法与经典手工称重法测定油烟颗粒物浓度值的数据线性关系进行了分析,发现2种方法数值的相关系数达0.99,通过直读修正激光散射法可以有效地测定油烟颗粒物浓度,并测定了不同水汽含量下油烟颗粒物排放情况,发现当相对湿度超过70%时,油烟颗粒物浓度测定值会发生突变。使用便携式氢火焰离子化检测器法(FID)和光离子化检测器法(PID)测定了不同油温下油烟中非甲烷总烃(NMHC)浓度,发现FID对油烟中NMHC的变化反应及时,能够较好地测定油烟中挥发性有机物的排放量。     

气相色谱法测定气体中挥发性卤代烃的研究进展

简述了国内外监测分析方法中运用气相色谱法检测气体中挥发性卤代烃在采样方法、检测器、检测范围和目标化合物等方面的区别,给出高温高湿条件下污染源废气的样品采集方法。针对污染样品和车间空气样品应使用FID检测器,环境空气样品应使用ECD检测器,同时进一步提出应尽早制定污染源排气中挥发性卤代烃的检测标准方法。     

吹扫捕集/气相色谱法测定空气中挥发性有机物

研究并建立了用吹扫捕集气相色谱法测定空气中挥发性有机物的分析方法。以空气中苯系物为目标化合物,以静态法配制标准气体,分别作了高、中、低三种浓度的标准曲线,其相关系数在0 98以上。该法对空气中苯系物的方法检出限为0 14～0 16μg m3,相对标准偏差在2 1%～6 3%之间,回收率在92%～120%。