Phytoplankton Community and Chlorophyll a as Trophic State Indices of Lake Skadar (Montenegro,Balkan) (7 pp)

Background, Aims and Scope Phytoplankton, as a first step in trophic cascades of lakes, can be a good indicator of trophic states, considering that every environmental change affects this community and many species of this community are sensitive to changes, and that they response very quickly. In this study, we tried to assess and predict the trophic state of Lake Skadar according to phytoplankton data.Methods Water samples were collected using Ruttner sampling bottle. Temperature, dissolved oxygen, ph, conductivity and transparence were measured in situ using portable equipment. Nutrients and chlorophyll a were measured using standard spectrophotometric methods. A determination of phytoplankton species was performed using relevant keys and the counting of cells was performed using sedimentation methods.Results and Discussion The species composition of Lake Skadar revealed 95 taxa, with Chlorophyceae and Bacillariophyceae being represented best. According to an average chlorophyll a concentration of 5.9 µg/l, Lake Skadar belongs to the mesotrophic level of the trophic scale. Developed prediction equation for chlorophyll a revealed a good prediction (R2=0.71) and the parameter Secchi depth was primarily correlated with chlorophyll a concentration. Trophic state indices derived from chlorophyll a and transparency, were close together, but both were below the phosphorous index. Values of trophic state indices rank the Lake Skadar as being mesotrophic. This study also showed that indices of diversity based on phytoplankton are weak indicators of trophic status and that they can well characterize only differences between assemblages and associations. According to calculated saprobic indices (ranging from 1.5 to 2.15), Lake Skadar is on betamesosaprobic level of saprobity, which means that it is moderately polluted with organic compounds. Conclusions Total phosphorus is not the main limiting factor for the phytoplankton community in Lake Skadar. Disagreements between chlorophyll and the transparency index, on the one hand, and the total phosphorus index, on the other, suggest that the phytoplankton in Lake Skadar is probably limited by other factors than phosphorus, such as nitrogen, toxic substances or intense zooplankton grazing. According to the majority of investigated parameters and indices derived from phytoplankton data, Lake Skadar is mesotrophic, with tendencies toward eutrophic levels during the summer period. Recommendations and Outlook Long-term monitoring is required for a better estimation of state and the conditions of Lake Skadar. Further studies on factors influencing the phytoplankton community, especially zooplankton grazing and toxic substances, which were not included in this study, should be continued in the future to improve the efficiency of phytoplankton usage in estimating the ecological and trophic conditions of Lake Skadar.     

污水处理中的人工湿地强化技术研究

人工湿地作为一种新型污水生态处理工艺受到越来越广泛的重视，在生活污水、特种工业废水、采矿污水、农业和畜牧业污水以及水产养殖废水等处理中得到了广泛的应用。但是其本身的局限却限制了它在高浓度废水、某些工业废水处理等方面的应用，在寒冷地区的应用也受到限制。本研究分析了一些强化技术（如湿地内部要素强化、工艺强化和工程强化等）在提高人工湿地的净化效能以及扩大其应用范围的可能性。     

复合植物床式人工湿地研究

本实验研究针对应用于面源污染控制的人工湿地中水生植物的选择和布置问题进行研究,通过对人工湿地动态运行实验的研究考察,发现床体中COD、TN降解规律,通过人工湿地栽种不同水生植物的各床体的COD去除效果比较实验和不同水生植物复氧性能比较实验,得出复氧性能最好的水生植物为芦苇,然后综合这三个实验,在传统的植物床系统基础上,提出更加有利于提高系统污水处理效率的改进形式:复合植物床式人工湿地。     

处理生活污水的植物品种的筛选

以小型碎石床人工湿地生态系统和无土栽培2种方法,模拟研究了广东园林绿化中常用的27种植物对生活污水中氮、磷、COD的降解能力,表明野芋头、花叶万年青、象草、姜花、绿公主、富贵竹、再力花、大花叶万年青、芦苇、花芦苇、美人蕉、文殊兰、水芋头、风车草、红草、蜘蛛兰、千手观音、水葱和花蝴蝶等18种植物,可以作为人工湿地生态系统选种植物,从而扩大了可选植物品种范围,配合适当,可达到美化环境和净化污水2种功能,可适用于面源性水污染的治理.象草的研究表明,它是一种既有强污水降解能力又能作饲料的品种,适用于畜牧场的水污染治理.     

淀山湖湿地及其生态功能与利用

淀山湖是上海市唯一的淡水湖泊，面积约６２ｋｍ２。淀山湖湿地的形成主要是地质、地貌、气候、水文等自然因素和人类活动影响长期相互作用的结果。本文着重讨论了淀山湖湿地的生产功能和环境生态功能，并对湖泊湿地的利用与保护提供了建议。     

S–O–C isotopic picture of sulphate–methane–carbonate system in freshwater lakes from Poland. A review

Microbial oxidation of organic compounds (including methane), in freshwater sediments, may result in precipitation of carbonates, which may become an important geochemical archive of paleoenvironmental variations. Most probably low δ¹³C value in calcite in eutrophic systems results from an advanced oxidation of organic compounds in turbulent or/and sulphate-rich conditions. Likewise, high δ¹³C value in calcite from organic-rich sediments may evidence low redox potential of the freshwater system. Oxidation of methane and organic matter results in significant isotope effects in sulphates dissolved in water. Therefore, to better understand the origin of carbon isotope signal in carbonates, concentration and stable isotope measurements in dissolved sulphate (water column), bubble methane and calcite (freshwater sediments) have been carried out in 24 lakes, 2 ponds and 4 rivers in Poland. The highest concentration of sulphate has been detected in rivers (85.47 SO₄ ²⁻ mg/l) and an artificial lake (70.30 SO₄ ²⁻ mg/l) located in the extremely SO₄ ²⁻-polluted region called the “Black Triangle”. The lowest concentration of sulphate is found in dystrophic and mountain lakes (from 0.5 SO₄ ²⁻ to about 3 mg/l). The lowest δ³⁴S(SO₄ ²⁻) and δ¹⁸O(SO₄ ²⁻) values occur in unpolluted lakes in eastern Poland (−0.94 and 1.38‰, respectively). The highest S and O isotopic ratios are found in a polluted lake in western Poland (δ¹⁴S(SO₄ ²)=12.95‰) and in a dystrophic lake in eastern Poland (δ¹⁸O(SO₄ ²) = 16.15‰) respectively. It is proposed that δ³⁴SO₄ ²⁻ and (¹⁸O(SO₄ ²⁻) values in lakes represent a good tool to assess and quantify anthropogenic impact by acid precipitation and to monitor variations in the trophic state and redox processes controlled by biodegradation of organic compounds in sediments and water column. In general, increasing depth (up to 12 m) of the water column is associated with decreasing trend the δ¹³C(CH₄) value from about –35 to about –78‰. However, δ¹³C value in sedimentary calcite (δ¹³C vary from –10 to 0.5‰) shows opposite trends as compared to the corresponding methane. This is probably due to redox processes and distribution of heavy isotopes between methane and calcite. Likewise, turbulent water (river) show high δ¹³C value in methane and low δ¹³C value in calcite—this is probably due to an enhanced oxidation of methane producing ¹³C-depleted CO₂. In contrast to clean lakes, it is observed that an increase of the δ¹³C(CH₄) value occurs with increasing depth of the water column in a strongly SO₄ ²⁻-contaminated lake. This is probably due to a loss of biological buffering potential of the lake accompanied by an active oxidation of methane precursors.     

太湖典型河网区地表水与沉积物氮、磷和重金属含量空间分异

将无锡城乡交错区河网分为城镇生活区水巷、工业区主河道、农业区主河道、农业区支流和鱼塘5种类型区.通过秋季(旱季)和夏季(雨季)2次采样,研究氮、磷和Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Cd在地表水和沉积物中的含量及其空间变化.结果表明:(1)城乡交错区地表水氮、磷来源于生活污染和工业污染的比例大于农田,同时具有来源分散、污染面广的特征.(2)由于城镇地表径流和工业活动影响,各类型区地表水重金属含量均有不同程度提高.但地表水重金属主要沿主河道迁移,旱季和雨季主河道重金属含量均大于农业区支流,而且随着与城镇距离增加,主河道沉积物重金属含量迅速降低,重金属污染影响范围较小.(3)与重金属相比,地表水氮、磷污染仍是太湖水网区主要的环境问题.但城镇及其周围河流沉积物中富集的重金属含量很高,其潜在环境风险不容忽视.     

长江中下游湖泊富营养化过程的湖泊沉积记录

长江中下游湖群区，历来是人类最活跃的场所，但由于近年来社会经济的迅速发展，湖泊富营养化问题日趋严重，对湖泊湿地变化与湖泊营养盐状况关系的分析是制定湖泊环境整治和生态修复的重要科学依据。长江中游湖泊——龙感湖的湖中心钻孔沉积物中硅藻组合和总磷变化记录了近百年来龙感湖富营养化过程。沉积物中湿地花粉与人湖营养盐关系以及磁化率的分析表明，流域内人类活动对湖周滩地的改造，破坏了湿地植被，助长了人湖物质的增加，湖泊营养相对富集，而流域农业化肥的使用导致了水质的进一步恶化。     

湿地对水中磷素净化作用的研究进展

随着对湿地功能认识的加强，湿地科学研究从资源考察开始向湿地过程研究转变，尤其是全球环境问题的加剧，使得湿地对营养物质的截留功能倍受关注。磷是农业非点源污染的重要元素之一，又是导致湿地及下游水体富营养化的重要原因，研究湿地对水中磷素的净化作用是湿地生物地球化学研究和流域水环境保护研究的重要环节。文章综述了湿地系统各因子(土壤、植被、水文、微生物)及其它环境因子(如温度、CO2浓度、污染物负荷)对磷的净化作用的影响以及湿地中磷的动态模型等方面的国内外研究进展，指出在研究手段、方法和内容方面的不足，强调今后研究应注重长期连续的湿地动态监测，湿地净化功能模型和净化能力阈值以及景观生态学在湿地净化功能方面的应用。     

高效氧化偶合絮凝法强化处理受污染湖水的研究

为了研究高效氯化偶合絮凝剂对有机物含量较高原水的应用效果．进行了氧化偶合絮凝法强化处理受污染湖水的试验研究．并对其作用机理进行了初步探讨。结果表明．高效氧化偶合絮凝法对COD，SS，NH3^-N和TP均有良好的去除效果．在最佳条件下,去除率分别高达85％、95％、87％和96％．出水COD，SS，NH3^-N和TP的平均浓度分别为5.8、1.4、1.6和0.9mg／L。作用机理分析表明．氯化偶合絮凝剂在处理过程中充分利用氧化絮凝协同作用．对胶体性物质和溶解性物质均有较好去除效果。