太湖沉水和浮叶植被及其水环境效应研究

运用GPS定位技术和常规采样方法,于2004年5月和9月对太湖沉水植物与浮叶植物的种类、群落类型、生物量及其水质状况进行了调查。结果表明:沉水植物与浮叶植物是太湖水生植被的主要类型,沉水植物群落类型主要有6个:微齿眼子菜群落;马来眼子菜群落;伊乐藻群落,穗花狐尾藻群落,金鱼藻群落,苦草群落;浮叶植物群落类型主要有3个:莕菜群落,金银莲花群落,菱群落。在春季,沉水植物占绝对优势,在夏秋季,浮叶植物则逐渐发展,尤其以莕菜生长最快。通过对有草区和无草区水质的比较,发现水生植被能显著提高水体的透明度、降低营养盐浓度和叶绿素含量,改善水质。     

三江平原典型小叶章湿地土壤中硝态氮水平运移的模拟研究

选择三江平原小叶章湿地不同水分带上草甸沼泽土和腐殖质沼泽土2种土壤类型作为研究对象，以KNO3为示踪剂，模拟研究硝态氮在湿地土壤中的水平运移过程。结果表明，2种土壤各土层硝态氮水平运移浓度和速率均与运移距离呈极显著负相关（P〈0．01），并随运移距离增加呈一阶指数衰减曲线变化，各土层硝态氮水平运移速率主要受浓度梯度、水势梯度及土壤基质势的控制；土壤各土层中硝态氮水平运移速率与土壤含水量呈显著正相关（P〈0．05），并随土壤含水量增加呈指数增长曲线变化；土壤各土层中硝态氮水平运移浓度与土壤水分扩散率呈极显著正相关（P〈0．01），0—20cm土层硝态氮水平运移浓度随水分扩散率升高呈Boltzmann曲线变化，其他土层则呈指数增长曲线变化；草甸沼泽土比腐殖质沼泽土相应土层更利于硝态氮的水平运移，这主要与土层颗粒组成和孔隙度等物理性质的显著差异有关，而湿地水文条件可能对2种土壤物理性质的塑造有着重要影响。     

鲁西北地区渍涝洼地人工鱼塘─台田的环境分析

鲁西北地区是黄淮海平原中低产田渍涝洼地的主要分布区之一。在鲁西北的禹城市，利用挖鱼塘、建台田的工程措施，综合改造利用这类洼地。工程实施后，通过水盐调控，改善了洼地的环境状况。监测结果表明：洼地台田土壤含盐量降低，土壤逐渐熟化。土壤有机质大量整治前后分别为０．５８２％（１９８６年）、０．９８９％（１９８９年）．土壤中的全氮、全磷也由整冶前的０．０２％、０．１４％上升到整治后的０．０６１％和０．１５８％。土壤盐分含量逐年降低，由０．５０～０．９２％下降到０．０６～Ｏ２９％。挖鱼塘建台田的生态工程措施，使浅层地下水地表化，解决了洼地积水蒸发等形成的盐渍化问题。综合环境效应显示，洼地原有的自然状况向良性转化，达到了初步治理的目的。     

不同生态型芦竹对Cd、Hg、Pb、Cu的富集与分布

介绍了生态型芦竹(Arundo donax Linn)的生物特性,并对芦竹修复湿地重金属污染能力进行了研究。芦竹具有生物量大、根系发达、适应性强等特点,在重金属污染环境下,有较好的耐受性。研究不同生态型芦竹对Cd、Hg、Pb、Cu的富集与分布,对重金属污染湿地的修复具有指导作用。采集了4个不同环境下的芦竹样本,对重金属富集量和在植物器官中的分布情况进行研究分析。结果表明,芦竹对镉、铅、汞有较好吸收,地上部叶内富集量分别为57.40～33.22mg·kg-1,412.4～312.4mg·kg-1,21.5～11.8mg·kg-1,地上部茎内富集量分别为19.50～4.02mg·kg-1,83.1～43.6mg·kg-1,30.0～19.4mg·kg-1。芦竹对铜的富集能力较弱,地上部叶内和茎内富集量分别是12.4～2.8mg·kg-1,1.4～0.4mg·kg-1。铜和铅在植物器官中的分布为根>叶>茎,镉在植物器官中的分布为叶>根>茎,汞在植物中的分布为根>茎>叶。富集量还与土壤中重金属质量分数有关,一般是随着土壤中重金属质量分数的增大而增加。镉、铅、铜在植物叶中的富集系数大于1,汞在植物茎中的富集系数大于1。综合分析结果表明,芦竹在污染或非污染环境中都能较好地富集镉、铅、汞,基于芦竹具有较大生物量特点,芦竹对湿地重金属污染具有较大的修复潜力。研究芦竹对重金属的吸收与分布,旨在为湿地的植物修复技术提供参考依据。     

农业生产活动对鄱阳湖区生态环境的影响

鄱阳湖区是江西省重要商品粮基地，但其生态环境也有较为脆弱的一面。某些违反生态规律的农业生产活动导致该区生态环境的恶化。本文从围湖造田、湖区传统耕作制度、乡镇企业发展及农民环境意识淡薄等方面分析了它们对湖区生态环境的影响，并提出几点治理意见。     

日本琵琶湖流域的生活污水治理对策

介绍了日本滋贺县为了保护琵琶湖水环境而实施的生活污水综合治理对策。其基本思路是：将市区和人口稠密地区划为下水道整备规划区，积极实施下水道建设工程，推行污水处理；在下水道整备区外推广使用合并净化槽和地域粪便处理设施；在有条件的农村村落建设农村下水道；鼓励和资助各种处理设施实行除氮除磷的高级处理方式，以防止琵琶湖富营养化；积极实施多种多样的生活杂排水对策。     

人工湿地污水处理技术与节约型城市的建设

人工湿地污水处理技术是一个完整的生态系统，正不断得到研究应用和发展，具有出水水质好、增加绿地面积、改善和美化生态环境、操作简单、维护和运行费用低廉等优点，是建设节约型城市的重要措施之一，具有极其广阔的应用前景。     

杭州西湖水生高等植物的恢复与水生生态修复

在过去的50年，西湖一直被富营养化问题所困扰。迄今为止，采用了各种工程措施进行治理，耗资数亿，但收效不明显。为了进一步解决西湖富营养化问题，提出需要用生态方法去解决生态问题，通过生态学手段，恢复、重建高等水生植物带落，增加水生生物多样性，改善西湖水生生态系统的结构和功能，控制藻类来修复西湖水生生态系统。科学地选择先锋种类组合、消除草食性鱼类的影响、合理地控制水位是西湖水生植被恢复过程中的三个重要措施。     

里杜湖富营养化综合评价及预测

根据里杜湖水库的水质监测及水文资料，选择评分法结合生物优势种评价法以及“源－效应”预测模型对里杜湖水库水质的营养状态进行综合评价及预测。结果表明：里杜湖水库水质已轻度富营养化，并有逐年加重的趋势。旨在正确评价和预测里杜湖水库营养状态，并为同类水库的营养状态评价及预测提供参考和借鉴，从而为水库水质管理及富营养化的控制提供科学依据。     

The identification of readily bioavailable pollutants in lake shkodra/skadar using semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs), bioassays and chemical analysis

GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: Lake Shkodra/Skadar is the largest lake in the Balkans region and located on the border between Albania to the south and Montenegro to the north. Because of the wide range of endemic, rare or endangered plant and animal species it supports, Lake Shkodra/Skadar and its extensive associated wetlands are internationally recognised as a site of significance and importance (Ramsar site). In recent years, social and economic changes in both Albania and Montenegro have lead to unprecedented levels of urban and industrial effluent entering the lake. Of particular concern is the increasing input of toxic hydrophobic organic pollutants (HOPs) into the lake and the degree to which these compounds are available for uptake by aquatic biota. Semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) have been shown to sample the readily bioavailable fraction (dissolved phase) of waterborne HOPs and in doing so provide relevant data for exposure assessment. The aim of the current study was to use SPMD-based sampling in conjunction with appropriate bioassays and chemical analysis to identify readily bioavailable HOPs in the lake. METHODS: SPMDs were constructed and deployed at three sites in the Albanian sector and three sites in the Montenegrin sector of Lake Skadar/Shkodra for 21 days. Following the dialytic recovery of target analytes and size exclusion chromatographic clean-up, aliquots of SPMD samples were subjected to GC-MS scan analysis for major components, GC-MS SIM analysis for 16 priority pollutant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PP-PAHs) and assayed for EROD-inducing, estrogenic and mutagenic potential using rainbow trout liver cells (RTL-W1), the yeast estrogen screen (YES) and the Ames Test, respectively. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: A total of 39 compounds were tentatively identified in SPMD samples from the six sampling sites. Alkylated PAHs were the most abundant and ubiquitous compounds present along with various sterols and sterol derivatives. Numerous other compounds remain unidentified. 15 of the 16 targeted PP-PAHs were present in samples from one or more of the sampling sites indicating these compounds are both readily bioavailable and widely distributed in Lake Shkodra/Skadar. Total PP-PAH concentrations ranged between 3991 ng/SPMD and 10695 ng/SPMD. Bioassays carried out on SPMD samples revealed significant EROD-inducing and estrogenic potential at five of the six sampling sites indicating toxicologically relevant compounds are readily available for uptake by resident aquatic biota. EROD-inducing potential was positively correlated with targeted PP-PAH concentration (r2 = 0.74). However, comparison of bioassay- and analytically-derived toxicity equivalents revealed targeted PP-PAHs were responsible for less than 0.06% of the total EROD-inducing potential. CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK: The combination of SPMD-based sampling with appropriate bioassays and chemical analysis provided an effective tool for the identification of environmentally relevant waterborne pollutants in Lake Shkodra/Skadar. Our results show that toxicologically relevant HOPs including EROD-inducing and potentially estrogenic compounds are widely distributed in the lake and readily available for uptake by aquatic biota. Our results also suggest that alkylated PAHs rather than parent compounds may be of greater toxicological relevance in the lake. As anthropogenic influences continue to increase, SPMD-based sampling is expected to play a central role in future research concerned with the identification, monitoring and assessment of the risk posed by HOPs to Lake Shkodra/Skadar's aquatic biota.