石化企业电力电缆振荡波局部放电检测技术探讨

针对石化企业电力电缆故障率较高的现状,探索了电缆振荡波局部放电检测及故障定位的原理,通过搭建500 m的10 kV高压电缆实验平台,分别开展典型绝缘缺陷的串联谐振、振荡波对比实验研究,并尝试了振荡波局部放电检测方法在企业现场的应用。通过电力电缆振荡波与串联谐振的对比实验发现,在检测电缆绝缘缺陷时二者具有一定的等效性,可以通过局部放电量的大小和变化趋势来综合判定电缆绝缘缺陷的劣化程度,且振荡波检测技术具有测试时间短、设备便携、可准确定位缺陷位置、不会对电缆造成损伤等技术优势,在石化企业具有良好的应用前景。     

区域尺度绿洲稳定性评价

论文在区域尺度上,探讨了绿洲稳定性的内涵,并以新疆三工河流域绿洲为例,从绿洲所处的地理位置、绿洲与外围荒漠和山地系统之间的相互作用等方面评价了绿洲的区域稳定性。结果表明:①冲洪积扇型绿洲稳定性最高,其次是位于地下水溢出带下方的冲积平原型绿洲,稳定性最差的是湖滨三角洲或散流干三角洲上发育的绿洲;②绿洲的冷岛效应和植被指数可较好地表征绿洲与外围荒漠和山地系统之间的相互作用和评价绿洲的区域稳定性的时间变化。绿洲规模的扩大及绿洲水分和植被的增加将加强绿洲的冷岛效应,提高绿洲的稳定性;归一化差异植被指数增加,表明绿洲内植被覆盖密度增大和植物生物量提高,绿洲的稳定性增强。     

基于MAS的制导雷达网络化抗干扰作战体系结构研究

通过对地空导弹网络化抗干扰作战的分析,结合DAI(Distributed Artificial Intelligence,分布式人工智能)技术中的MAS(Multi-Agent System,多智能体系统)技术,建立了基于MAS的制导雷达网络化抗干扰作战系统,并给出了该系统的Agent组成框架,定义并说明了各Agent的功能及相互关系.     

Cumulative impact of GM herbicide-tolerant cropping on arable plants assessed through species-based and functional taxonomies

Background, aim and scope

In a gradualist approach to the introduction of crop biotechnology, the findings of experimentation at one scale are used to predict the outcome of moving to a higher scale of deployment. Movement through scales had occurred for certain genetically modified herbicide-tolerant (GMHT) crops in the UK as far as large-scale field trials. However, the land area occupied by these trials was still <1% of the area occupied by the respective non-GM crops. Some means is needed to predict the direction and size of the effect of increasing the area of GMHT cropping on ecological variables such as the diversity among species and trophic interactions. Species-accumulation curves are examined here as a method of indicating regional-scale impacts on botanical diversity from multiple field experiments.

Materials and methods

Data were used from experiments on the effect of (GMHT) crops and non-GM, or conventional, comparators in fields sown with four crop types (beet, maize, spring and winter oilseed rape) at a total of 250 sites in the UK between 2000 and 2003. Indices of biodiversity were measured in a split-field design comparing GMHT with the farmers’ usual weed management. In the original analyses based on the means at site level, effects were detected on the mass of weeds in the three spring crops and the proportion of broadleaf and grass weeds in winter oilseed rape, but not on indices of plant species diversity. To explore the links between site means and total taxa, accumulation curves were constructed based on the number of plant species (a pool of around 250 species in total) and the number of plant functional types (24), inferred from the general life-history characteristics of a species.

Results

Species accumulation differed between GMHT and conventional treatments in direction and size, depending on the type of crop and its conventional management. Differences were mostly in the asymptote of the curve, indicative of the maximum number of species found in a treatment, rather than the steepness of the curve. In winter oilseed rape, 8% more species were accumulated in the GMHT treatment, mainly as a result of the encouragement of grass species by the herbicide when applied in the autumn. (Overall, GMHT winter oilseed rape had strong negative effects on both the food web and the potential weed burden by increasing the biomass of grasses and decreasing that of broadleaf weeds.) In maize, 33% more species—a substantial increase—were accumulated in the GMHT than in the conventional, consistent with the latter’s highly suppressive weed management using triazine herbicides. In the spring oilseed rape and beet, fewer species (around 10%) were accumulated in the GMHT than the conventional. The GMHT treatments did not remove or add any functional (life history) types, however. Differences in species accumulation between treatments appeared to be caused by loss or gain of rarer species. The generality of this effect was confirmed by simulations of species accumulation in which the species complement at each of 50 sites was drawn from a regional pool and subjected to reducing treatment at each site. Shifts in the species-accumulation parameters, comparable to those measured, occurred only when a treatment removed the rarer species at each site.

Discussion

Species accumulation provided a set of simple curve-parameters that captured the net result of numerous local effects of treatments on plant species and, in some instances, the balance between grass and broadleaf types. The direction of effect was not the same in the four crops and depended on the severity of the conventional treatment and on complex interactions between season, herbicide and crop. The accumulation curves gave an indication of potential positive or negative consequences for regional species pools of replacing a conventional practice with GMHT weed management. In this and related studies, a range of indicators, through which diversity was assessed by both species and functional type, and at both site and regional scales, gave more insight into effects of GMHT treatment than provided by any one indicator.

Conclusions

Species accumulation was shown to discriminate at the regional scale between agronomic treatments that had little effect on species number at the field scale. While a comprehensive assessment of GM cropping needs to include an examination of regional effects, as here, the costs of doing this in all instances would be prohibitive. Simulations of diversity-reducing treatments could provide a theoretical framework for predicting the likely regional effects from in-field plant dynamics.

Recommendations and perspectives

Accumulation curves potentially offer a means of linking within-site effects to regional impacts on biodiversity resulting from any change in agricultural practice. To guide empirical measurement, there is a scope to apply a methodology such as individual-based modelling at the field scale to explore the links between agronomic treatments and the relative abundance of plant types. The framework needs to be validated in practice, using species-based and functional taxonomies, the latter defined by measured rather than inferred traits.     

厂房内H_2连续泄漏扩散的模拟分析

利用计算流体动力学软件Fluent对厂房内易燃易爆气体H2泄漏扩散过程进行了数值模拟,研究H2连续泄漏扩散规律。计算结果表明,厂房内H2泄漏一定时间后扩散将达到稳定,室内H2浓度将不再变化;根据室内H2浓度分布规律,得出H2泄漏报警装置应设在泄漏口正对墙壁上,且厂房的排风口应开设在H2钢瓶喷射方向上的屋顶处;结合H2的毒性级别和爆炸极限,划分该厂房为紧急防爆疏散区,必须在泄漏初期进行紧急人员疏散并做好防火防爆措施。研究结果为厂房内H2泄漏事故应急救援、泄漏报警装置及排风口的位置设置提供重要技术支持和理论依据。     

现代农业发展过程中土壤肥力资源合理利用的思考与对策

土壤是农业生产的重要基础,也是人类赖以生存的保障,其不仅关系食物安全供应,而且直接影响生态环境。土壤肥力是发展现代农业的重要支撑,其有效的培育涉及多学科与多专业,需要系统创新与联合攻关,如今人们对土壤肥力的认识已经从农业生产向环境安全、资源利用、生态健康及全球变化等方向转变与提升。本文从土肥长期定位研究、土壤肥力培育技术、现代农业发展等方面阐述内在关系及其特点,同时分析了现代土壤学研究领域所面临的重要挑战与发展趋势,并提出若干建议与对策。     

基于模态实验的细长体两点激振试验方案的制定

目的细长体两点激振试验方案中,更好地选择激励位置、控制位置和悬挂点的位置。方法制定两点激振试验方案时需要参考试件的模态信息。结果根据试验方案的确定方法和模态试验理论,利用试件模型的模态试验结果,建立了一种试验方案制定时的激振位置、控制位置、悬挂位置计算方法,量化了试验方案的确定方法。结论通过两种试验方案控制位置、悬挂位置计算数值的对比,可以直观地对比不同试验方案的优劣,有利于两点激振试验方案的制定和选择。     

风电场建设对周边生态环境的影响及其恢复措施

风电场在其建设及运行期间,会对周边的生态环境造成一定影响。文章具体以喀左县双庙风电场建设为例,探讨风电场的建设期和运营期对周边生态环境产生的影响,同时提出了风电场生态环境恢复的具体方法和措施。为风电场的生态环境保护提供借鉴。     

Spatial heterogeneity of lake eutrophication caused by physiogeographic conditions: An analysis of 143 lakes in China

In order to identify the effect of geographic characteristics on the variations of nutrient concentrations and the utilization efficiency of nutrients by phytoplankton, data from 143 lakes, from 2008 to 2010, including three very different types of topography, i.e., the first topography ladder(FTL), second topography ladder(STL), and third topography ladder(TTL), were statistically analyzed. Lakes in the FTL and STL, located at high elevation(above1000 m) and low longitudes(lower than 105° E), were sporadically oligotrophic, whereas lakes in the TTL were almost all mesotrophic and eutrophic. The trophic level index(TLI)became higher with the rise of longitude. Two turning points(5 and 15°C) on the curve of TLI as function of the average annual temperature(AAT) corresponded with the AAT in different lake regions in the STL and TTL. Because the responses of TLI to AAT differ significantly, there were variations of nutrient and algal biomass concentrations in different lake regions in the same type of topography ladder. According to the differences in utilization efficiency of total nitrogen or total phosphorus by phytoplankton, China could be partitioned into six lake regions. Scientific nutrient criteria for each lake region shall be established considering these differences in China.     

国家海洋公园选址研究——以大连长山群岛为例

借鉴国际相关理论研究及实践成果,以大连长山群岛为例,在综合考虑区域生态、经济、社会等因素的基础上,借助GIS空间分析技术,通过影响因子、空间结构、适宜性等多方面综合分析国家海洋公园的选址位置、范围大小及功能分区。结果表明,公园核心区的最优地址为乌蟒岛菜坨子,面积约为1 689.25 km²,结合长山群岛的自然特征,充分考虑海洋生物的分布状况、繁殖、生长规律,以及有利于生态保护与科研教育,并减少对当地生产影响等因素,将公园划分为:核心区、缓冲区、实验区、游憩区以及一般利用区等5个功能区,并提出了相应的功能分区目的及功能。