压力脉冲波法复杂天然气管道堵塞检测实验研究*

为了解决复杂天然气管道堵塞定位难题,快速定位出堵塞位置,提出利用压力脉冲波法检测复杂管道堵塞。改造搭建长18.1 m、包含17个三通结构的压力波堵塞检测实验台,进行不同堵塞率以及气液混输管道的堵塞定位实验。结果表明:管道三通会引起频率范围为150~200 Hz的高频反射波,利用FFT谐波变换方法可以有效地对原始信号进行滤波分析,更利于对堵塞定位分析。在堵塞率100%时,定位误差为1.07%;在堵塞率50%时,定位误差最大,达到1.93%;对于含液率8%的气液混输管道,100%堵塞时,定位误差为0.48%。研究结果有效地证实了压力脉冲法检测复杂输运管道堵塞的可行性,可为该方法的现场应用提供指导和数据支撑。     

Concentration field and turbulent fluxes during the mixing of two buoyant plumes

In this work an experimental study of mixing of two identical plumes, carried out in a turbulent neutral boundary layer generated in a wind tunnel, is presented. Measurements have been performed with fast flame ionisation detectors (FFIDs) and a two-component Laser-Doppler Anemometer system. Results allow the study of both the average and the fluctuating concentration field, including the turbulent vertical and longitudinal mass fluxes, in single plumes and during the interaction of two identical plumes. This information gives insight into the details of the mixing phase of the two plumes. Results of trajectories and additional rise (due to plume interactions) have been compared with previous measurements carried out in laminar cross-flows, showing similar behaviour. Concentration distributions in plume cross-sections in turbulent cross-flows differ from those measured in laminar cross-flows. Average vertical and longitudinal velocity measurements into the plume core show the strength of the shielding effect of the upwind plume and some details of interaction between the counter-rotating vortex pairs (CVPs). For large values of the alignment angle φ, between the line joining the stacks and the cross-flow, an average negative vertical velocity is measured in the middle of the plume even if its centre of mass is rising. This downward velocity is induced by the slow interaction of the CVPs and generates a vertical stretching of the plume and negative rise enhancement. Vertical turbulent fluxes change sign on the plume centreline and are of opposite sign with respect to the longitudinal turbulent fluxes. Results indicate a good linearity between vertical turbulent fluxes and concentration gradients, with different proportionality for the top and bottom parts of the plume (especially in the near field) indicating that dispersion could be described by a gradient-transfer model.     

土壤中挥发性有机污染物现场快速监测技术应用进展

在总结我国突发性环境事故发生现状的基础上,提出了我国环境现场快速监测工作缺少规范化管理,以及标准监测技术方法不完善等问题。探讨了土壤中挥发性有机污染物快速监测技术的研究进展,重点讨论了检测管,手持式气体检测器,便携式气相色谱(配置光离子化检测器、氢火焰离子化检测器或串/并联检测器)及便携式气相色谱-质谱等技术在快速检测土壤中挥发性有机污染物方面的性能特点与应用情况,并对我国建立土壤中挥发性有机污染物现场快速监测标准方法提出了建议。     

多层采空区条件下的高速公路路堑边坡稳定性数值分析

高速公路建设过程中常穿越各种矿山采空区,采空区对路堑边坡的稳定性产生较大的影响。基于有限差分分析的快速拉格朗算法FLAC3D程序,由于具有强大的数值模拟分析功能,可以模拟多种结构形式的地质体,因而广泛应用于各种岩土工程问题。本文结合国家某重点交通项目,采用快速拉格朗算法FLAC3D程序对多层采空区条件下的某路堑边坡稳定性进行了评价,主要包括开挖、注浆和锚固等工况下路堑边坡的应力和位移分析。分析结果表明,采空区经过处理后的路堑边坡是稳定的,FLAC3D应用于多层采空区条件下的路堑边坡稳定性评价是可行的。     

地铁列车不同轨道参数的减振效果分析

地铁在市区建筑物群中穿过 ,列车运行时产生的振动会通过行车轨道系统传递给隧道结构 ,再经隧道结构传播到周边的围岩介质 ,最后影响到沿线建筑的基础 ,产生局部区域振动。区域振动直接影响到地面建筑物和沿线地下管线的使用安全 ;同时 ,地下振动使人烦躁不安 ,直接影响人们的生产和生活 ,为此 ,对地铁列车运行振动进行研究是很有必要的。笔者基于数值分析方法 ,用适合岩土工程数值模拟的FLAC程序 ,分析了不同轨道参数对地铁诱发振动的衰减作用并得出了以下结论 :(1)钢轨支座弹性系数对振动的衰减有直接的影响 ;(2 )钢轨支座弹性系数减小 ,将导致地面振动的强度减小 ;(3)地面振动的衰减在水平方向和竖直方向均较为明显。     

Tritium and Cl as constraints on fast fracture flow and percolation flux in the unsaturated zone at Yucca Mountain

An analysis of tritium and ³⁶Cl data collected at Yucca Mountain, Nevada suggests that fracture flow may occur at high velocities through the thick unsaturated zone. The mechanisms and extent of this “fast flow” in fractures at Yucca Mountain are investigated with data analysis, mixing models and several one-dimensional modeling scenarios. The model results and data analysis provide evidence substantiating the weeps model [Gauthier, J.H., Wilson, M.L., Lauffer, F.C., 1992. Proceedings of the Third Annual International High-level Radioactive Waste Management Conference, vol. 1, Las Vegas, NV. American Nuclear Society, La Grange Park, IL, pp. 891–989] and suggest that fast flow in fractures with minimal fracture–matrix interaction may comprise a substantial proportion of the total infiltration through Yucca Mountain. Mixing calculations suggest that bomb-pulse tritium measurements, in general, represent the tail end of travel times for thermonuclear-test-era (bomb-pulse) infiltration. The data analysis shows that bomb-pulse tritium and ³⁶Cl measurements are correlated with discrete features such as horizontal fractures and areas where lateral flow may occur. The results presented here imply that fast flow in fractures may be ubiquitous at Yucca Mountain, occurring when transient infiltration (storms) generates flow in the connected fracture network.     

粪大肠菌群快速测定——纸片法的应用

采集苏州具有代表性的地表水水体22个点位的样品,进行粪大肠菌群的测定方法比较,结果表明,《粪大肠菌群快速测定--纸片法》适于测定受粪便污染程度较轻的湖泊水体.但是,该方法的培养时间对阳性管率有明显影响,认为16 h～18 h是比较理想的培养时间.     

Effect of water vapor on NH3-NO/NO2 SCR performance of fresh and aged MnOx-NbOx-CeO2 catalysts

A MnOx–NbOx–CeO2 catalyst for low temperature selective catalytic reduction(SCR) of NOx with NH3 was prepared by a sol–gel method, and characterized by NH3–NO/NO2 SCR catalytic activity, NO/NH3 oxidation activity, NOx/NH3 TPD, XRD, BET, H2-TPR and in-situ Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy(DRIFTS). The results indicate that the Mn Ox–Nb Ox–CeO2 catalyst shows excellent low temperature NH3-SCR activity in the temperature range of 150–300℃. Water vapor inhibits the low temperature activity of the catalyst in standard SCR due to the inhibition of NOx adsorption. As the NO2 content increases in the feed, water vapor does not affect the activity in NO2 SCR. Meanwhile, water vapor significantly enhances the N2 selectivity of the fresh and the aged catalysts due to its inhibition of the decomposition of NH4NO3 into N2O.     

The utility of earth observation technologies in understanding impacts of land reform in the eastern region of Zimbabwe

Land tenure and land policies influence the spatial variations of land use/cover (LULC) at any given time or place. Thus, it is important to evaluate the role of land tenure policies on land cover changes. In this study, we evaluate the utility of Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) images in understanding the impacts of the 2000 fast track land reform (FTLR) policy on LULC in the eastern region, Zimbabwe. Landsat images for the year 1995, 2000, 2005 and 2011 were classified using traditional image classification techniques (i.e. the maximum likelihood (ML) classifier) in a geographic information system (GIS) environment. Results indicate that forested areas drastically decreased by approx. 30% between the year 2000 and 2005 (during and after the FTLR), while croplands marginally increased by (approx. 30%) the results further showed that slight increase in bare lands (degraded lands) and disturbed lands. The observed LULC changes after FTLR were mostly induced by human activities resulting from changes in land tenure. Overall, the findings of this study underscores the importance of remotely sensed data in assessing the impact of FTLR on forest resources for purposes of informed and sustainable forest management.